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Book Details
Abstract
Secondary headaches account for about 10% of headaches and require meticulous diagnosis because of their life-threatening potential. The secondary headaches include a diverse and fascinating array of etiologies which can mimic primary headache disorders ranging from the rare to the mundane and from the well established to the highly controversial. This issue of Neurologic Clinics is devoted entirely to secondary headaches with topics that include: Headaches due to nasal and paranasal sinus disease; Headaches due to vascular disorders; Headaches and brain tumors; Low cerebrospinal fluid pressure syndromes;Â Painful ophthalmologic disorders and eye pain; Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri); Cough, exertional, and sex headaches; The neck and headaches; Drug-induced headaches; Trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia; Headaches and vasculitis; Tonsilar ectopia and headaches; Post-traumatic headaches; Metabolic headaches; Temporomandibular joint disorders, bruxism, and headaches.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Secondary Headache | i | ||
| copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Neurologic Clinics\r | ix | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Posttraumatic Headaches in Civilians, Soldiers, and Athletes | 283 | ||
| Key points | 283 | ||
| The postconcussion syndrome | 283 | ||
| Historical aspects of postconcussion syndrome | 284 | ||
| Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury | 286 | ||
| Civilians | 286 | ||
| US Military | 287 | ||
| Sports | 287 | ||
| Postcraniotomy | 287 | ||
| Headaches | 287 | ||
| Time of Onset | 287 | ||
| Epidemiology of Phenotypes | 288 | ||
| Civilians | 288 | ||
| US military | 288 | ||
| Athletes | 289 | ||
| Possible overdiagnosis of migraine | 289 | ||
| Cases | 289 | ||
| Case 1. Migraine from Blast Trauma | 289 | ||
| Comment | 289 | ||
| Case 2. Footballer’s Migraine | 289 | ||
| Comment | 290 | ||
| Types and features of headaches | 290 | ||
| Tension-Type Headache | 290 | ||
| Occipital Neuralgia | 290 | ||
| Migraine | 290 | ||
| Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias and Hemicrania Continua | 291 | ||
| Supraorbital and Infraorbital Neuralgia | 291 | ||
| Scalp Lacerations and Local Trauma | 291 | ||
| Subdural Hematomas | 291 | ||
| Epidural Hematomas | 292 | ||
| Other Causes | 292 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 292 | ||
| Neurobiologic Factors | 292 | ||
| Nonorganic Explanations | 293 | ||
| Psychogenic factors | 293 | ||
| Sociocultural and psychosocial factors | 293 | ||
| Base rate misattribution | 293 | ||
| Expectation as etiology | 294 | ||
| Chronic pain | 294 | ||
| Effects of compensation and litigation | 294 | ||
| Malingering | 294 | ||
| Treatment of headaches | 295 | ||
| Education | 296 | ||
| Prognosis | 296 | ||
| References | 296 | ||
| Headaches Caused by Vascular Disorders | 305 | ||
| Key points | 305 | ||
| Overview of stroke and headache | 305 | ||
| Headache as a symptom accompanying acute stroke | 306 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Stroke and SAH | 306 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Stroke and ICH | 308 | ||
| Cerebellar Hemorrhage | 308 | ||
| Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack | 309 | ||
| Specific clinical settings | 310 | ||
| Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis | 310 | ||
| Cervical Arterial Dissection | 312 | ||
| Cerebral Sinus Thrombosis | 313 | ||
| Migraine and stroke | 314 | ||
| Migraine as a Risk Factor for Stroke | 314 | ||
| Migraine-associated Stroke | 314 | ||
| Migrainous Infarction | 315 | ||
| Thunderclap headache | 316 | ||
| References | 316 | ||
| Headaches and Vasculitis | 321 | ||
| Key points | 321 | ||
| Introduction | 321 | ||
| Classification and nosology | 321 | ||
| Blood-brain barrier | 323 | ||
| Clinicopathologic correlations | 323 | ||
| Large-Size Vessel Vasculitis | 323 | ||
| Giant Cell Arteritis | 323 | ||
| Takayasu Arteritis | 325 | ||
| Isolated aortitis | 325 | ||
| Medium-Size Vessel Vasculitis | 325 | ||
| Polyarteritis Nodosa | 325 | ||
| Kawasaki Disease | 326 | ||
| Small-Vessel Size Vasculitis | 327 | ||
| Microscopic Polyangiitis | 327 | ||
| Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis | 327 | ||
| Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis | 327 | ||
| Cryoglobulinemia | 328 | ||
| Hypocomplementemic Urticarial Vasculitis | 329 | ||
| IgA Vasculitis | 329 | ||
| Variable-Size Vessel Vasculitis | 330 | ||
| Behçet Disease | 330 | ||
| Cogan Syndrome | 331 | ||
| Single-Organ Vasculitis | 331 | ||
| Primary CNS vasculitis | 332 | ||
| Vasculitis Associated with Systemic Collagen Vascular Disease | 334 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 334 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 336 | ||
| Vasculitis Associated with Illicit Substance Abuse | 336 | ||
| Amphetamines | 336 | ||
| Cocaine | 337 | ||
| Heroin | 337 | ||
| Vasculitis Caused by CNS Infection | 337 | ||
| Acute Bacterial Meningitis | 338 | ||
| H. Influenzae Meningitis | 338 | ||
| Pneumococcal Meningitis | 339 | ||
| Mycobacterial Tuberculous Infection | 339 | ||
| Spirochete Disease | 341 | ||
| Neurosyphilis | 341 | ||
| Lyme Neuroborreliosis | 342 | ||
| VZV-Related Vasculopathy | 342 | ||
| Fungal Infection | 343 | ||
| HIV/AIDS | 344 | ||
| Laboratory evaluation | 345 | ||
| Treatment | 347 | ||
| References | 350 | ||
| The Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome | 363 | ||
| Key points | 363 | ||
| Introduction | 363 | ||
| Epidemiology | 364 | ||
| Symptoms | 365 | ||
| Headache | 365 | ||
| Transient Visual Obscurations | 365 | ||
| Pulsatile Tinnitus | 365 | ||
| Visual Loss | 365 | ||
| Diplopia | 365 | ||
| Other Symptoms | 366 | ||
| Signs | 366 | ||
| Papilledema | 366 | ||
| Visual Acuity and Optic Nerve Function Tests | 369 | ||
| Perimetry | 371 | ||
| Ocular Motility Abnormalities | 372 | ||
| Neuroimaging | 373 | ||
| CSF Examination | 374 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 375 | ||
| Atypical Cases | 376 | ||
| Associated Conditions and Differential Diagnosis | 377 | ||
| Treatment | 377 | ||
| Medical management | 377 | ||
| Diet and Weight Loss | 377 | ||
| Medications | 379 | ||
| Surgical treatment | 381 | ||
| ONSF | 381 | ||
| CSF Shunting | 382 | ||
| Venous Sinus Stenting | 382 | ||
| Special circumstances | 383 | ||
| Pregnancy | 383 | ||
| Children and Adolescents | 383 | ||
| PTCS with an Identified Secondary Cause | 383 | ||
| Fulminant PTCS | 383 | ||
| Evaluation, adjustment, and recurrence | 384 | ||
| Summary | 384 | ||
| References | 384 | ||
| Spontaneous CSF Leaks | 397 | ||
| Key points | 397 | ||
| Introduction | 397 | ||
| CSF dynamics | 398 | ||
| Cause | 399 | ||
| Clinical manifestations | 400 | ||
| Headache | 400 | ||
| Manifestations Other than Headaches | 401 | ||
| Mechanisms of Clinical Manifestations | 401 | ||
| Diagnosis | 401 | ||
| Radioisotope Cisternography | 402 | ||
| Head CT | 403 | ||
| Head MRI | 403 | ||
| Mechanism of MRI Abnormalities | 408 | ||
| Myelography/CTM | 411 | ||
| Treatment | 411 | ||
| Complications of CSF leaks | 413 | ||
| Subdural Hematomas | 413 | ||
| Rebound Intracranial Hypertension | 414 | ||
| Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis | 414 | ||
| Superficial Siderosis | 415 | ||
| Bibrachial Amyotrophy | 415 | ||
| Recurrence of CSF leaks | 415 | ||
| Orthostatic headaches without CSF leak | 417 | ||
| Summary and lessons of the past 2 decades | 417 | ||
| References | 418 | ||
| Cough, Exercise, and Sex Headaches | 433 | ||
| Key points | 433 | ||
| Introduction | 433 | ||
| Cough headache | 435 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of Cough Headache | 435 | ||
| Etiology of Cough Headache | 436 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis for Cough Headache | 438 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation for Cough Headache | 440 | ||
| Management of Cough Headache | 440 | ||
| Exercise headache | 441 | ||
| Clinical Features of Primary Exercise Headache | 441 | ||
| Etiology: Symptomatic Versus Primary Exercise Headaches | 442 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Exercise Headache | 443 | ||
| Evaluation of Exercise Headache | 443 | ||
| Treatment of Exercise Headaches | 443 | ||
| Exercise Headache Versus Sexual Headache | 444 | ||
| Sex headache | 444 | ||
| Simplification to the Classification of Sexual Headaches | 444 | ||
| Etiology and Differential Diagnosis of Sexual Headaches | 444 | ||
| Symptomatic sexual headache | 444 | ||
| Primary sexual headache | 445 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Sexual Headaches | 446 | ||
| Evaluation of Sexual Headaches | 446 | ||
| Treatment of Sexual Headaches | 446 | ||
| Summary | 446 | ||
| References | 446 | ||
| Metabolic Headaches | 451 | ||
| Key points | 451 | ||
| Introduction | 451 | ||
| Headache attributed to hypoxia or hypercapnia | 452 | ||
| High-Altitude Headache | 453 | ||
| Headache Attributed to Airplane Travel | 454 | ||
| Diving Headache | 455 | ||
| Sleep Apnea Headache | 456 | ||
| Dialysis headache | 457 | ||
| Headache attributed to hypertension | 458 | ||
| Headache Attributed to Pheochromocytoma | 459 | ||
| Headache Attributed to Hypertensive Crisis Without Hypertensive Encephalopathy | 460 | ||
| Headache Attributed to Hypertensive Encephalopathy | 460 | ||
| Headache Attributed to Preeclampsia or Eclampsia | 461 | ||
| Headache Attributed to Autonomic Dysreflexia | 461 | ||
| Headache attributed to hypothyroidism | 463 | ||
| Headache attributed to fasting | 464 | ||
| Cardiac cephalalgia | 464 | ||
| Headache attributed to other disorder of homeostasis | 465 | ||
| Summary | 466 | ||
| References | 466 | ||
| The Neck and Headaches | 471 | ||
| Key points | 471 | ||
| Case study | 471 | ||
| Definition | 472 | ||
| Mechanism | 472 | ||
| Clinical features | 472 | ||
| Distinctions | 474 | ||
| Sources | 474 | ||
| Causes | 474 | ||
| Diagnosis | 475 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 476 | ||
| Imaging | 478 | ||
| Manual Examination | 478 | ||
| Treatment | 479 | ||
| Conservative therapy | 479 | ||
| Targeted Treatment | 479 | ||
| Greater occipital nerve | 479 | ||
| Lateral atlantoaxial joint | 480 | ||
| C2-3 disk | 480 | ||
| Zygapophysial joints | 480 | ||
| Radiofrequency Neurotomy | 480 | ||
| Clinical pathway | 483 | ||
| References | 483 | ||
| An Update on Eye Pain for the Neurologist | 489 | ||
| Key points | 489 | ||
| Introduction | 489 | ||
| Ocular and orbital etiologies of eye pain | 491 | ||
| Summary | 502 | ||
| References | 502 | ||
| Headaches Caused by Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Disease | 507 | ||
| Key points | 507 | ||
| Sinusitis | 507 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology | 508 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 510 | ||
| Standard radiography | 510 | ||
| Neuroimaging | 510 | ||
| Transillumination, ultrasonography, and anterior rhinoscopy | 511 | ||
| Diagnostic fiberoptic endoscopy | 511 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 512 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 516 | ||
| Treatment | 517 | ||
| Sphenoid sinusitis | 518 | ||
| Symptoms | 518 | ||
| Diagnosis | 518 | ||
| Complications | 519 | ||
| Treatment | 519 | ||
| Nasal headache | 520 | ||
| References | 521 | ||
| Temporomandibular Disorders and Headaches | 525 | ||
| Key points | 525 | ||
| Introduction | 525 | ||
| Temporomandibular disorders | 526 | ||
| Causes of TMD | 526 | ||
| Imaging in TMD | 530 | ||
| Managing TMD | 531 | ||
| Patient education and self-care | 533 | ||
| Cognitive behavioral interventions | 533 | ||
| Pharmacologic therapy | 533 | ||
| Physical therapies | 533 | ||
| Surgical treatment | 534 | ||
| Summary | 534 | ||
| References | 535 | ||
| Trigeminal and Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia | 539 | ||
| Key points | 539 | ||
| Introduction | 539 | ||
| Trigeminal Neuralgia | 540 | ||
| Epidemiology | 540 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 540 | ||
| Diagnosis | 541 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 541 | ||
| Carbamazepine | 542 | ||
| Oxcarbazepine | 542 | ||
| Lamotrigine | 543 | ||
| Baclofen | 543 | ||
| Phenytoin | 543 | ||
| Gabapentin | 543 | ||
| Pregabalin | 543 | ||
| Topiramate | 544 | ||
| Sumatriptan | 544 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 544 | ||
| Microvascular decompression | 544 | ||
| Ablative techniques | 545 | ||
| Radiofrequnecy rhizotomy | 545 | ||
| Percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol rhizotomy (PRGR) | 545 | ||
| Balloon microcompression | 546 | ||
| Stereotactic radio surgery | 546 | ||
| Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia (GPN) | 546 | ||
| Incidence | 546 | ||
| Diagnosis | 547 | ||
| Treatment | 547 | ||
| Summary | 547 | ||
| References | 547 | ||
| Index | 553 |