BOOK
Gout and Calcium Crystal Related Arthropathies, An Issue of Rheumatic Disease Clinics, E-Book
(2014)
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Book Details
Abstract
Gout is now the most common form of inflammatory arthritis in the United States, with a recent resurgence of research interest in its cause and management. Calcium crystal-related arthritis has also attracted renewed attention, with new nomenclature having been recently elaborated, aiding contemporary research efforts. This topic has never been covered in Rheumatic Disease Clinics and it represents a large content hole. The articles will cover diagnosis, management, emerging therapies and imaging.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Gout and Calcium Crystal\rRelated Arthropathies | i | ||
| copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Rheumatic Disease Clinics\rOf North America\x0B | xi | ||
| Foreword\r | xiii | ||
| Preface\r | xv | ||
| Epidemiology of Gout | 155 | ||
| Key points | 155 | ||
| Introduction | 155 | ||
| Prevalence of gout | 160 | ||
| Incidence of gout | 160 | ||
| Hyperuricemia | 161 | ||
| Dietary factors | 162 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | 165 | ||
| Obesity and the metabolic syndrome | 166 | ||
| Medications | 169 | ||
| Renal disease | 170 | ||
| OA | 170 | ||
| Summary | 170 | ||
| References | 171 | ||
| Epidemiology of Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal Arthritis and Basic Calcium Phosphate Crystal Arthropathy | 177 | ||
| Key points | 177 | ||
| Introduction | 177 | ||
| Epidemiology of CPPD | 178 | ||
| Joints affected by CPPD | 178 | ||
| Incidence | 178 | ||
| Prevalence | 179 | ||
| CPPD: a systemic predisposition or a local abnormality? | 179 | ||
| Risk factors | 180 | ||
| Age | 180 | ||
| Sex | 180 | ||
| Heredity | 180 | ||
| OA | 181 | ||
| Other musculoskeletal conditions | 181 | ||
| Meniscectomy/Joint injury | 182 | ||
| Knee alignment | 182 | ||
| Metabolic diseases | 182 | ||
| Hemochromatosis | 182 | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism | 183 | ||
| Hypomagnesemia | 183 | ||
| Hypophosphatasia | 183 | ||
| Risk factors for acute CPP crystal arthritis | 183 | ||
| Epidemiology of BCP Crystal Deposition | 184 | ||
| Important points and objectives for recall | 185 | ||
| References | 186 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of Gout | 193 | ||
| Key points | 193 | ||
| Introduction: conceptual issues | 193 | ||
| Acute clinical manifestations of gout | 194 | ||
| EAIs | 194 | ||
| Other Acute Clinical Manifestations | 196 | ||
| Persistent clinical manifestations | 196 | ||
| Palpable Tophi | 197 | ||
| Joint Limitation | 198 | ||
| Persistent Joint Swelling | 198 | ||
| Deformity | 199 | ||
| Natural history of untreated (and inefficiently treated) disease | 200 | ||
| Diagnosis of gout | 201 | ||
| Nosologic Diagnosis | 201 | ||
| Evaluation of the Burden of Deposition | 202 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 203 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 203 | ||
| References | 203 | ||
| Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations of Calcium Pyrophosphate and Basic Calcium Phosphate Crystal Deposition Diseases | 207 | ||
| Key points | 207 | ||
| Introduction | 207 | ||
| Calcification formation | 209 | ||
| Clinical manifestations related to BCP and CPPD | 210 | ||
| Clinical Symptoms Related to BCP Crystals | 210 | ||
| Calcific periarthritis | 210 | ||
| Cortical bone erosions | 211 | ||
| Acute calcific tendinitis and acute inflammatory reaction | 212 | ||
| MSS, hemorrhagic shoulder of the elderly | 213 | ||
| Clinical Symptoms Related to CPPD | 214 | ||
| Asymptomatic CPPD | 214 | ||
| Acute CPP crystal arthritis | 214 | ||
| Chronic CPP crystal arthritis | 215 | ||
| OA with CPP and BCP crystals | 216 | ||
| Less common CPP crystal-related manifestations | 216 | ||
| Spine-related CPP crystals | 216 | ||
| CDS | 217 | ||
| Lumbar canal stenosis and compressive cervical myelopathy | 218 | ||
| Hemarthrosis related to CPP crystals | 219 | ||
| Destructive arthropathy with CPP crystals | 219 | ||
| Diagnosis | 219 | ||
| Radiographic and US Features Related to BCP Crystal Deposition | 219 | ||
| CPPD Diagnosis | 221 | ||
| Synovial fluid analysis | 221 | ||
| Radiographic features of CCPD | 222 | ||
| US features of CPPD | 222 | ||
| CT (and MRI) in BCP and CPP Crystal Diseases | 223 | ||
| Summary | 223 | ||
| References | 224 | ||
| Imaging in the Crystal Arthropathies | 231 | ||
| Key points | 231 | ||
| Introduction | 232 | ||
| Gout | 232 | ||
| Radiography | 232 | ||
| Advanced Imaging in Gout | 233 | ||
| CT scanning | 233 | ||
| DECT | 234 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 237 | ||
| MRI | 239 | ||
| CPPD arthropathy | 240 | ||
| Radiography | 240 | ||
| CT Scanning | 241 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 241 | ||
| Hydroxyapatite arthropathy | 241 | ||
| Radiography and CT Scanning | 241 | ||
| MRI and US | 242 | ||
| Summary | 243 | ||
| References | 246 | ||
| Comorbidities in Patients with Crystal Diseases and Hyperuricemia | 251 | ||
| Key points | 252 | ||
| Comorbidities associated with hyperuricemia and gout | 252 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 252 | ||
| Urate and the endothelium: laboratory and animal studies | 252 | ||
| Hypertension | 253 | ||
| Atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and peripheral arterial disease | 254 | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 256 | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 256 | ||
| Renal Disease | 257 | ||
| Urate and renal disease: laboratory and animal models | 257 | ||
| CKD | 258 | ||
| Acute kidney injury | 259 | ||
| Urolithiasis | 259 | ||
| Metabolic Disease | 260 | ||
| Urate pathways and fructose: laboratory and animal models | 260 | ||
| IR and diabetes | 261 | ||
| MS | 261 | ||
| Neurologic Disorders | 262 | ||
| Antioxidants effects of urate | 262 | ||
| Parkinson disease and other neurodegenerative conditions | 262 | ||
| Comorbidities associated with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease | 263 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 263 | ||
| Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders | 265 | ||
| Summary | 266 | ||
| References | 266 | ||
| The Genetic Basis of Gout | 279 | ||
| Key points | 279 | ||
| Introduction | 279 | ||
| Genome-wide association study findings for serum urate | 280 | ||
| Insights into mechanism | 282 | ||
| SLC2A9 | 283 | ||
| ABCG2 | 283 | ||
| PDZK1 and SLC22A12 | 284 | ||
| Glycolytic Genes | 284 | ||
| PRPSAP1 | 285 | ||
| Relationship between genetic effect on serum urate and risk of gout | 285 | ||
| Interactions between environmental and genetic risk factors | 285 | ||
| Alcohol | 286 | ||
| Diuretics | 286 | ||
| Fructose | 286 | ||
| Ascertainment of gout cases and implications for design of genome-wide association studies in gout | 287 | ||
| References | 287 | ||
| Structural Joint Damage in Gout | 291 | ||
| Key points | 291 | ||
| Introduction | 291 | ||
| Bone erosion in gout | 293 | ||
| Cellular Mechanisms of Bone Erosion | 294 | ||
| The role of osteoclasts | 294 | ||
| The role of osteoblasts | 295 | ||
| Other mediators of bone erosion in gout | 295 | ||
| Altered Bone Remodeling in Gout | 296 | ||
| Cartilage damage in gout | 297 | ||
| Mechanisms of Cartilage Damage | 297 | ||
| The role of chondrocytes | 297 | ||
| The role of degradative enzymes | 298 | ||
| Tendon involvement in gout | 298 | ||
| Future research directions | 299 | ||
| Mechanisms of New Bone Formation | 299 | ||
| The Link Between OA and Gout | 300 | ||
| Development of a Suitable In Vivo Model to Study Structural Changes in Gout | 301 | ||
| Therapeutic Strategies for Prevention and Treatment of Structural Joint Damage in Gout | 301 | ||
| References | 302 | ||
| The Structural Consequences of Calcium Crystal Deposition | 311 | ||
| Key points | 311 | ||
| Introduction | 311 | ||
| Calcium crystal structure and identification | 312 | ||
| Clinical manifestations of calcium crystal deposition | 312 | ||
| Radiographic and diagnostic imaging changes associated with calcium crystal deposition | 315 | ||
| Pathogenesis of joint destruction in crystal deposition | 320 | ||
| Chondrocalcinosis and atherosclerosis | 322 | ||
| Summary | 323 | ||
| References | 323 | ||
| Treatment of Acute Gout | 329 | ||
| Key points | 329 | ||
| Introduction | 329 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic treatment | 330 | ||
| Pharmacologic treatment | 330 | ||
| Monotherapy | 330 | ||
| Colchicine | 332 | ||
| Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 334 | ||
| Systemic corticosteroids | 334 | ||
| Intra-articular corticosteroids | 335 | ||
| Corticotropin (ACTH) | 336 | ||
| Interleukin-1β inhibitors (anakinra, canakinumab, rilonacept) | 336 | ||
| Combination Drug Treatment | 337 | ||
| Summary | 338 | ||
| References | 338 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic and Pharmacologic Management of CPP Crystal Arthritis and BCP Arthropathy and Periarticular Syndromes | 343 | ||
| Key points | 343 | ||
| Introduction | 343 | ||
| CPPD | 344 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Epidemiology | 344 | ||
| Diagnostic Modalities | 344 | ||
| Treatment strategies | 346 | ||
| Causal Influences in Therapy | 346 | ||
| Acute CPPD | 346 | ||
| Chronic Inflammatory CPPD | 347 | ||
| Chronic Noninflammatory CPPD | 347 | ||
| Summary of CPPD | 348 | ||
| Treatment of BCP-deposition diseases | 348 | ||
| Acute Calcific Tendinitis | 348 | ||
| Acute Calcific Periarthritis of the Hand | 350 | ||
| BCP-Associated Arthropathies | 350 | ||
| Milwaukee shoulder syndrome | 350 | ||
| Musculoskeletal involvement with BCP crystals: targeting the crystals. The next approach? | 351 | ||
| BCP Crystals Are Linked to Degenerative Joint Processes | 351 | ||
| In Vitro Effects of BCP Crystals Suggest a Role in Inflammation and Degenerative Processes | 351 | ||
| Summary of BCP-related Diseases | 352 | ||
| Summary | 352 | ||
| References | 352 | ||
| Long-Term Management of Gout | 357 | ||
| Key points | 357 | ||
| Introduction | 358 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic approaches to chronic gout: risk reduction | 358 | ||
| Pharmacologic ULT | 360 | ||
| Considerations in the use of pharmacologic ULT | 360 | ||
| Indications for Pharmacologic ULT | 360 | ||
| Pharmacologic ULT: Initiation and Treatment Duration | 360 | ||
| Serum Urate Goals and Monitoring | 361 | ||
| Nonadherence | 361 | ||
| Strategies Underlying Pharmacologic ULT | 361 | ||
| Reduction of uric acid production: xanthine oxidase inhibitors | 362 | ||
| Allopurinol | 362 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 362 | ||
| Dose and Indications | 363 | ||
| Side Effects | 363 | ||
| Febuxostat | 364 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 364 | ||
| Dose, Efficacy, and Indications | 364 | ||
| Side Effects and Drug Interactions | 365 | ||
| Increase renal excretion of uric acid: uricosuric agents probenecid, benzbromarone, sulfinpyrazone | 365 | ||
| Indications and Efficacy | 365 | ||
| Dosing | 366 | ||
| Adjunctive Agents with Uricosuric Properties | 366 | ||
| Conversion of uric acid to allantoin: recombinant uricase therapy | 367 | ||
| Pegloticase | 367 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 367 | ||
| Dose and Efficacy Data | 367 | ||
| Side Effects | 368 | ||
| Indications and Limitations | 368 | ||
| Choosing a urate-lowering agent | 368 | ||
| References | 369 | ||
| Emerging Therapies for Gout | 375 | ||
| Key points | 375 | ||
| Urate-lowering therapies | 376 | ||
| Lesinurad (RDEA594) | 376 | ||
| Ulodesine (BCX4208) | 378 | ||
| Levotofisopam | 378 | ||
| Dual-acting anti-inflammatory and urate-lowering therapy | 380 | ||
| Arhalofenate (MBX-102) | 380 | ||
| Anti-inflammatory therapies | 380 | ||
| Anakinra | 382 | ||
| Canakinumab and Rilonacept | 382 | ||
| Corticotropin and Melanocortins | 383 | ||
| Caspase Inhibitors | 383 | ||
| Summary | 384 | ||
| References | 384 | ||
| Index | 389 |