Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This book aims to provide comprehensive, up-to-date information on psychotropic drugs and inform clinical decisions for the treatment of mental disorders using a problem-solving approach.In order to accomplish these goals, the book has three central characteristics:More than a textbook, it is meant to serve as a practical tool for professionals working in the mental health field.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | xi | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Chapter 1 Absorption, Transformation, and Elimination of Psychotropic Medications | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Absorption | 1 | ||
| 1.1.1 Oral administration | 1 | ||
| 1.1.2 Sublingual administration (“under the tongue”) | 2 | ||
| 1.1.3 Transdermal administration | 3 | ||
| 1.1.4 Respiratory administration, intranasal or inhalation | 3 | ||
| 1.1.5 Short-acting injectable forms | 3 | ||
| 1.1.6 Long-acting injectable preparations | 3 | ||
| 1.2 Distribution: Differences Between Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid/Brain Concentrations | 4 | ||
| 1.3 Metabolism and Elimination | 4 | ||
| 1.3.1 Phase I metabolism | 5 | ||
| 1.3.1.1 Inhibition and induction of CYP450 enzymes | 6 | ||
| 1.3.2 Phase II metabolism (conjugation) | 6 | ||
| 1.3.2.1 Inhibition and induction of conjugation enzymes | 7 | ||
| 1.4 Additional Concepts in Pharmacokinetics | 7 | ||
| 1.4.1 Steady state | 7 | ||
| 1.4.2 Dose–response relationship | 8 | ||
| 1.4.3 Therapeutic margin | 8 | ||
| Chapter 2 Neurotransmitters, Receptors, and Transporters | 9 | ||
| 2.1 Main Types of Receptors in the Brain | 9 | ||
| 2.1.1 Division of receptors according to the processes they trigger | 10 | ||
| 2.1.1.1 Ionotropic receptors | 10 | ||
| 2.1.1.2 Metabotropic receptors | 10 | ||
| 2.1.1.3 Receptor tyrosine kinases | 10 | ||
| 2.1.1.4 Nuclear receptors | 10 | ||
| 2.1.1.5 Receptors associated with neurotransmitter pumps | 10 | ||
| 2.1.2 Division of receptors according to their localization in pre- or post-synaptic neurons | 10 | ||
| 2.1.2.1 Autoreceptors | 11 | ||
| 2.1.2.2 Heteroreceptors | 11 | ||
| 2.2 Neurotransmitters | 11 | ||
| 2.2.1 Serotonin | 12 | ||
| 2.2.1.1 Types of serotonin receptors | 12 | ||
| 2.2.2 Dopamine | 13 | ||
| 2.2.2.1 Types of dopamine receptors | 14 | ||
| 2.2.3 Norepinephrine | 15 | ||
| 2.2.3.1 Types of norepinephrine receptors | 15 | ||
| 2.2.4 Acetylcholine | 16 | ||
| 2.2.4.1 Types of cholinergic receptors | 16 | ||
| 2.2.5 Glutamate | 17 | ||
| 2.2.5.1 Glutamate activity and neuroplasticity | 17 | ||
| 2.2.5.2 Types of glutamate receptors | 18 | ||
| 2.2.6 GABA | 19 | ||
| 2.2.6.1 Types of GABA receptors | 19 | ||
| 2.2.7 Histamine | 20 | ||
| 2.2.7.1 Types of histamine receptors | 20 | ||
| 2.3 Neurotransmitter Reuptake Transporters | 21 | ||
| References | 22 | ||
| Chapter 3 Antipsychotics: A General View of Therapeutic and Adverse Effects | 23 | ||
| 3.1 Classic Antipsychotics | 23 | ||
| 3.2 New Antipsychotics | 24 | ||
| 3.3 Are the New Antipsychotics Clinically Different from the Old Ones? | 27 | ||
| 3.4 Current Concepts Regarding Antipsychotic Action and the D2 Receptor | 29 | ||
| 3.5 Comparison Between Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics | 30 | ||
| 3.5.1 Are there differences in the general efficacy and effectiveness of typical and atypical antipsychotics? | 30 | ||
| 3.5.2 Are there differences in the cognitive effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics? | 32 | ||
| 3.5.3 Are there differences in the acute toxicity of typical and atypical antipsychotics? | 33 | ||
| 3.6 Metabolic Side Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs | 33 | ||
| 3.6.1 Weight gain risk with antipsychotics | 35 | ||
| 3.6.2 Antipsychotic-induced diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome | 37 | ||
| 3.7 Extrapyramidal Symptoms of Antipsychotics | 39 | ||
| 3.7.1 Are there any differences in the risk for EPS among typical and atypical antipsychotics? | 39 | ||
| 3.7.2 Acute dystonia | 42 | ||
| 3.7.3 Parkinsonism (slowness, tremor, and rigidity) | 43 | ||
| 3.7.4 Akathisia | 43 | ||
| 3.7.4.1 Clozapine | 44 | ||
| 3.7.4.2 Risperidone | 44 | ||
| 3.7.4.3 Olanzapine | 44 | ||
| 3.7.4.4 Quetiapine | 45 | ||
| 3.7.4.5 Ziprasidone | 45 | ||
| 3.7.4.6 Aripiprazole | 45 | ||
| 3.7.4.7 Recently introduced new antipsychotics (paliperidone, iloperidone, asenapine, and lurasidone) | 45 | ||
| 3.7.4.8 Management of akathisia | 45 | ||
| 3.7.5 Tardive dyskinesia | 46 | ||
| 3.8 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome | 47 | ||
| 3.9 Catatonia | 49 | ||
| 3.10 Antipsychotic-Induced Hyperprolactinemia | 49 | ||
| 3.11 Sexual Side Effects of Antipsychotics | 51 | ||
| 3.12 Antihistamine Adverse Effects of Antipsychotics | 52 | ||
| 3.13 Anticholinergic Adverse Effects of Antipsychotics: Cognitive and Peripheral | 53 | ||
| 3.14 Antipsychotics and the Risk of Seizures | 54 | ||
| 3.15 Vascular Side Effects of Antipsychotics | 55 | ||
| 3.16 Antipsychotics and the Risk of Malignant Arrythmia and Sudden Cardiac Death | 55 | ||
| 3.17 Antipsychotics and Increased Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Dementia | 57 | ||
| 3.18 Antipsychotics and Suicide | 59 | ||
| 3.19 Antipsychotics and the Risk of Cancer | 60 | ||
| References | 60 | ||
| Chapter 4 Description of Individual Antipsychotics | 67 | ||
| 4.1 Typical Antipsychotics | 67 | ||
| 4.1.1 Chlorpromazine | 68 | ||
| 4.1.2 Haloperidol | 69 | ||
| 4.1.3 Loxapine | 70 | ||
| 4.1.4 Molindone | 71 | ||
| 4.1.5 Perphenazine | 72 | ||
| 4.1.6 Pimozide | 72 | ||
| 4.1.7 Other high-potency D2 blockers: Fluphenazine, thiothixene, and trifluoperazine | 73 | ||
| 4.1.8 Antipsychotics to avoid: Mesoridazine and thioridazine | 73 | ||
| 4.1.9 “Hidden” antipsychotics: Metoclopramide and prochlorperazine | 73 | ||
| 4.2 Atypical Antipsychotics | 74 | ||
| 4.2.1 Clozapine | 74 | ||
| 4.2.1.1 Side effects of clozapine | 75 | ||
| 4.2.2 Risperidone and paliperidone | 78 | ||
| 4.2.3 Olanzapine | 78 | ||
| 4.2.4 Quetiapine | 79 | ||
| 4.2.5 Ziprasidone | 81 | ||
| 4.2.6 Aripiprazole | 81 | ||
| 4.2.7 Iloperidone | 83 | ||
| 4.2.8 Asenapine | 83 | ||
| 4.2.9 Lurasidone | 84 | ||
| References | 85 | ||
| Chapter 5 Treatment of Schizophrenia with Antipsychotic Medications | 87 | ||
| 5.1 Choice of an Antipsychotic for the Initial Treatment of Schizophrenia | 87 | ||
| 5.2 Dosing in the Initial Antipsychotic Treatment of Schizophrenia | 88 | ||
| 5.3 How Long Does It Take to Respond to an Antipsychotic? | 88 | ||
| 5.4 Monitoring Antipsychotic Treatment | 90 | ||
| 5.5 Maintenance of Antipsychotic Treatment of Schizophrenia | 90 | ||
| 5.6 Combination of Antipsychotic Drugs in Schizophrenia (“Polypharmacy”) | 91 | ||
| 5.7 Pharmacological Management of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia | 92 | ||
| 5.8 Use of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia | 92 | ||
| References | 93 | ||
| Chapter 6 Antidepressants: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Serotonin–Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors | 95 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 95 | ||
| 6.2 Pharmacodynamics of SSRIs and SNRIs (Receptor Affinity) | 96 | ||
| 6.3 Pharmacokinetics of SSRIs and SNRIs | 97 | ||
| 6.4 Use of SSRIs in Mental Disorders | 98 | ||
| 6.4.1 SSRIs in the treatment of depression | 99 | ||
| 6.4.2 SSRIs in the treatment of anxiety disorders | 99 | ||
| 6.4.3 Use of SSRIs in other disorders or conditions | 100 | ||
| 6.5 Use of SNRIs in Mental Disorders | 100 | ||
| 6.6 Dosing of SSRIs and SNRIs | 101 | ||
| 6.7 Adverse Effects of SSRIs and SNRIs | 101 | ||
| 6.7.1 Antidepressants and the risk of suicide | 102 | ||
| 6.7.2 Serotonergic side effects of SSRIs and SNRIs | 104 | ||
| 6.7.2.1 Mental (cognitive) | 104 | ||
| 6.7.2.2 Neuromuscular | 105 | ||
| 6.7.2.3 Gastrointestinal | 105 | ||
| 6.7.2.4 Sexual | 106 | ||
| 6.7.2.5 Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion | 106 | ||
| 6.7.2.6 Headaches | 107 | ||
| 6.7.2.7 Weight changes | 107 | ||
| 6.7.2.8 Risk of bleeding | 107 | ||
| 6.7.2.9 QT prolongation and risk of malignant arrhythmia | 108 | ||
| 6.7.2.10 Osteoporosis and risk of fractures | 109 | ||
| 6.7.2.11 Diabetes | 109 | ||
| 6.7.2.12 Cataracts | 110 | ||
| 6.7.3 Noradrenergic side effects of SNRIs | 110 | ||
| 6.8 Discontinuation Syndrome with SSRIs and SNRIs | 110 | ||
| 6.9 Toxicity of SSRIs and SNRIs and Serotonin Syndrome | 111 | ||
| 6.10 Precautions with SSRIs and SNRIs | 112 | ||
| 6.11 Use of SSRIs and SNRIs During Pregnancy and Lactation | 113 | ||
| 6.11.1 SSRIs and SNRIs and risk for preeclampsia | 114 | ||
| References | 115 | ||
| Chapter 7 Bupropion | 119 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 119 | ||
| 7.2 Pharmacology | 120 | ||
| 7.2.1 Pharmacokinetics | 121 | ||
| 7.3 Approved Indications and Other Possible Uses | 121 | ||
| 7.3.1 Major depressive disorder | 122 | ||
| 7.3.2 Bupropion as an add-on in depression | 122 | ||
| 7.3.3 Anxiety disorders | 123 | ||
| 7.3.4 Seasonal affective disorder | 123 | ||
| 7.3.5 Smoking cessation | 123 | ||
| 7.3.6 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | 123 | ||
| 7.3.7 Sexual dysfunction | 124 | ||
| 7.3.8 Weight loss | 124 | ||
| 7.3.9 Addictions (cocaine and amphetamines) | 124 | ||
| 7.3.10 Restless legs syndrome | 125 | ||
| 7.4 Dosing and Available Forms of Bupropion | 125 | ||
| 7.5 Side Effects and Adverse Reactions | 125 | ||
| 7.5.1 Risk of seizures | 126 | ||
| 7.6 Contraindications, Warnings, and Precautions | 126 | ||
| 7.7 Use of Bupropion During Pregnancy | 127 | ||
| References | 127 | ||
| Chapter 8 Mirtazapine, Trazodone, and Nefazodone | 129 | ||
| 8.1 Mirtazapine | 129 | ||
| 8.1.1 Pharmacokinetics | 130 | ||
| 8.1.2 Indications and uses | 130 | ||
| 8.1.2.1 Depression | 130 | ||
| 8.1.2.2 Anxiety disorders | 130 | ||
| 8.1.2.3 Emesis | 131 | ||
| 8.1.2.4 Antipsychotic-induced akathisia | 131 | ||
| 8.1.2.5 Neuropathic pain | 131 | ||
| 8.1.2.6 Add-on to antipsychotics in schizophrenia | 131 | ||
| 8.1.2.7 Insomnia | 132 | ||
| 8.1.3 Dosing | 132 | ||
| 8.1.4 Side effects, adverse reactions, warnings, and precautions | 132 | ||
| 8.1.5 Use of mirtazapine during pregnancy | 133 | ||
| 8.2 Trazodone | 133 | ||
| 8.2.1 Pharmacokinetics | 134 | ||
| 8.2.2 Indications and uses | 134 | ||
| 8.2.2.1 Depression | 134 | ||
| 8.2.2.2 Anxiety disorders | 134 | ||
| 8.2.2.3 Insomnia | 135 | ||
| 8.2.2.4 Other uses of trazodone | 135 | ||
| 8.2.3 Side effects and adverse reactions | 135 | ||
| 8.3 Nefazodone | 136 | ||
| 8.3.1 Pharmacokinetics | 137 | ||
| 8.3.2 Indications and uses | 137 | ||
| 8.3.3 Dosing | 137 | ||
| 8.3.4 Adverse reactions, side effects, and precautions | 137 | ||
| References | 138 | ||
| Chapter 9 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors and Tricyclic Antidepressants | 141 | ||
| 9.1 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors | 141 | ||
| 9.1.1 Pharmacokinetics of the nonselective irreversible MAOIs: Isocarboxazid, phenelzine, and tranylcypromine | 143 | ||
| 9.1.2 Partially selective irreversible transdermal MAOI: Selegiline | 144 | ||
| 9.1.3 Side effects and adverse reactions | 144 | ||
| 9.1.4 Precautions | 145 | ||
| 9.1.5 Hypertensive crisis | 145 | ||
| 9.1.6 Use of MAOIs during pregnancy | 145 | ||
| 9.1.7 What is the role of MAOIs in today’s clinical practice? | 145 | ||
| 9.2 Tricyclic Antidepressants | 146 | ||
| 9.2.1 General characteristics and classification | 146 | ||
| 9.2.1.1 Receptor binding profile | 146 | ||
| 9.2.2 Pharmacokinetics | 148 | ||
| 9.2.3 Dosing | 148 | ||
| 9.2.3.1 Therapeutic drug monitoring | 149 | ||
| 9.2.4 Side effects | 149 | ||
| 9.2.5 Serotonin syndrome with TCAs | 150 | ||
| 9.2.6 Precautions with TCAs in liver disease | 150 | ||
| 9.2.7 Contraindications | 150 | ||
| 9.2.8 Toxicity | 150 | ||
| 9.2.9 Use of TCAs during pregnancy | 151 | ||
| 9.2.10 What is the role of TCAs in today’s clinical practice? | 152 | ||
| References | 153 | ||
| Chapter 10 Individualized Treatment of Depression | 155 | ||
| 10.1 Patient Factors to Consider | 156 | ||
| 10.1.1 Depressive symptom profile | 156 | ||
| 10.1.2 Patient’s and family histories of response | 157 | ||
| 10.1.3 Comorbid psychiatric conditions | 157 | ||
| 10.1.4 Medical conditions | 158 | ||
| 10.1.5 Concurrent medications and supplements | 158 | ||
| 10.1.6 Tolerability of side effects | 159 | ||
| 10.1.7 Medication adherence | 159 | ||
| 10.1.8 Cost and access to medication | 160 | ||
| 10.2 Second-Generation Antidepressants: Doses and Duration | 160 | ||
| 10.3 Hypnotics and Other Symptom-Specific Medications | 162 | ||
| 10.4 Partial Response to Antidepressant Treatment: What to Do? | 162 | ||
| 10.4.1 Give the antidepressant more time | 163 | ||
| 10.4.2 Add another antidepressant | 164 | ||
| 10.4.3 Add symptom-specific medications | 164 | ||
| 10.4.4 Switch antidepressants | 165 | ||
| 10.5 No Response to Initial Antidepressant Treatment: What to Do? | 165 | ||
| 10.6 What About Adding Atypical Antipsychotics in the Initial Treatment of Depression? | 165 | ||
| 10.7 Other Non-Antidepressant Drugs Recently Tried in Depression | 166 | ||
| 10.7.1 Buspirone | 167 | ||
| 10.7.2 Methylfloate (Levomefolic acid) | 167 | ||
| 10.7.3 Ketamine | 167 | ||
| 10.8 Once the Patient Gets Better, How to Stop Antidepressant Treatment? | 168 | ||
| References | 168 | ||
| Chapter 11 Benzodiazepines, Buspirone, and Miscellaneous Medications Used in Anxiety Disorders | 171 | ||
| 11.1 Benzodiazepines | 171 | ||
| 11.1.1 Pharmacology | 172 | ||
| 11.1.1.1 Pharmacokinetics and drug–drug interactions | 173 | ||
| 11.1.2 Adverse effects | 175 | ||
| 11.1.2.1 Psychomotor effects | 175 | ||
| 11.1.2.2 Abuse/dependence | 176 | ||
| 11.1.2.3 Sleep-related behaviors and automatisms | 176 | ||
| 11.1.2.4 Disinhibition syndrome | 176 | ||
| 11.1.2.5 Potential for criminal use | 176 | ||
| 11.1.3 Toxicity | 177 | ||
| 11.1.4 Selection and use | 177 | ||
| 11.1.4.1 Equivalent doses of benzodiazepines and switching between benzodiazepines | 179 | ||
| 11.1.5 Indications | 180 | ||
| 11.1.5.1 Generalized anxiety disorder | 180 | ||
| 11.1.5.2 Panic disorder | 180 | ||
| 11.1.5.3 Social anxiety disorder | 181 | ||
| 11.1.6 Warnings and contraindications | 182 | ||
| 11.2 Buspirone | 182 | ||
| 11.2.1 Pharmacology | 182 | ||
| 11.2.2 Clinical uses | 183 | ||
| 11.3 Antiepileptic Drugs | 184 | ||
| 11.3.1 Pregabalin | 184 | ||
| 11.3.2 Gabapentin | 185 | ||
| 11.4 Antihistamines | 186 | ||
| 11.5 Prazosin for Nightmares in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | 186 | ||
| 11.6 Do Antipsychotics Have a Role in Anxiety? | 187 | ||
| 11.7 Beta-Blockers | 187 | ||
| References | 188 | ||
| Chapter 12 Medication Treatment of Anxiety Disorders | 191 | ||
| General Considerations Prior to Starting Drug Treatment | 191 | ||
| Other Considerations | 191 | ||
| 12.1 Approved and Potential Uses of Antidepressants and Other Medications | 192 | ||
| 12.1.1 SSRIs | 192 | ||
| 12.1.2 SNRIs | 193 | ||
| 12.1.3 Mirtazapine and trazodone | 193 | ||
| 12.1.4 Bupropion | 193 | ||
| 12.1.5 TCAs and MAOIs | 193 | ||
| 12.1.6 Benzodiazepines | 194 | ||
| 12.1.7 Antihistamines and anticonvulsants | 194 | ||
| 12.1.8 Antipsychotics | 194 | ||
| 12.2 Drug Treatment of Individual Anxiety Disorders | 194 | ||
| 12.2.1 Generalized anxiety disorder | 194 | ||
| 12.2.2 Social anxiety disorder | 195 | ||
| 12.2.3 Panic disorder | 196 | ||
| 12.2.4 Specific phobias | 196 | ||
| 12.2.5 Post-traumatic stress disorder | 196 | ||
| 12.2.6 Obsessive–compulsive disorder | 197 | ||
| References | 198 | ||
| Chapter 13 Medications Used in the Treatment of Mania | 199 | ||
| 13.1 Lithium | 199 | ||
| 13.1.1 Toxicity | 201 | ||
| 13.1.2 Adverse effects | 201 | ||
| 13.1.3 Drug–drug interactions | 203 | ||
| 13.1.4 Dosing | 204 | ||
| 13.2 Antipsychotics | 205 | ||
| 13.3 Carbamazepine | 206 | ||
| 13.3.1 Dosing | 208 | ||
| 13.4 Oxcarbazepine | 209 | ||
| 13.5 Valproic Acid (Divalproex, Valproate) | 209 | ||
| 13.5.1 Adverse effects | 210 | ||
| 13.5.2 Dosing | 211 | ||
| 13.6 Tamoxifen | 211 | ||
| References | 212 | ||
| Chapter 14 Medications Used in Bipolar Depression, Mixed States, and Rapid Cycling | 213 | ||
| 14.1 Electroconvulsive Therapy | 213 | ||
| 14.2 Lithium | 215 | ||
| 14.3 Quetiapine | 215 | ||
| 14.4 Lamotrigine | 216 | ||
| 14.5 Valproate | 217 | ||
| 14.6 Antidepressants | 217 | ||
| 14.7 Ketamine in Bipolar and Treatment-Resistant Depression | 219 | ||
| 14.8 Pharmacological Treatment of Mixed States and Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder | 219 | ||
| References | 220 | ||
| Chapter 15 Medications Used in the Treatment of Insomnia | 223 | ||
| 15.1 General Rules | 223 | ||
| 15.2 Antihistamines as Hypnotics | 224 | ||
| 15.3 Sedating Antidepressants (Trazodone and Mirtazapine) | 225 | ||
| 15.4 Melatonin Receptor Agonists | 225 | ||
| 15.4.1 Melatonin | 225 | ||
| 15.4.2 Ramelteon | 226 | ||
| 15.5 GABA Receptor Agonists | 227 | ||
| 15.5.1 Benzodiazepines | 227 | ||
| 15.5.2 GABA hypnotics | 228 | ||
| 15.5.2.1 Clinical effects | 228 | ||
| 15.5.2.2 Dosing and timing | 229 | ||
| 15.5.2.3 Tolerance to the hypnotic effect | 230 | ||
| 15.5.2.4 Unintended overdose | 230 | ||
| 15.5.2.5 Adverse effects and risks | 230 | ||
| 15.5.2.6 Sleep-related behaviors | 231 | ||
| References | 232 | ||
| Chapter 16 Medications Used in the Treatment of Attention Disorders | 235 | ||
| 16.1 Stimulant Medications (Psychostimulants) | 235 | ||
| 16.1.1 Pharmacokinetics and drug–drug interactions | 236 | ||
| 16.1.2 Adverse effects | 237 | ||
| 16.1.3 Clinical use | 239 | ||
| 16.2 Atomoxetine | 241 | ||
| 16.3 Bupropion | 242 | ||
| 16.4 Modafinil | 242 | ||
| 16.5 α2-Adrenergic Agonists (Guanfacine and Clonidine) | 243 | ||
| References | 244 | ||
| Chapter 17 Medications Used in the Treatment of Dementia | 245 | ||
| 17.1 Side Effects | 246 | ||
| 17.2 Pharmacokinetics | 247 | ||
| 17.3 Pointers for Clinical Use | 247 | ||
| References | 247 | ||
| Chapter 18 Medications Used in Smoking Cessation and Alcohol Use Disorders | 249 | ||
| 18.1 Medications Used in the Treatment of Nicotine Dependence (Smoking Cessation) | 249 | ||
| 18.1.1 Varenicline | 250 | ||
| 18.1.2 Bupropion | 251 | ||
| 18.1.3 Nicotine replacement therapy | 251 | ||
| 18.1.3.1 Nicotine gum | 252 | ||
| 18.1.3.2 Nicotine lozenges | 252 | ||
| 18.1.3.3 Nicotine nasal spray | 253 | ||
| 18.1.3.4 Nicotine inhaler | 253 | ||
| 18.1.3.5 Nicotine patch | 253 | ||
| 18.2 Medications Used in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders | 254 | ||
| 18.2.1 Disulfiram | 254 | ||
| 18.2.2 Naltrexone | 255 | ||
| 18.2.3 Acamprosate | 257 | ||
| References | 257 | ||
| Chapter 19 Drug–Drug Interactions | 259 | ||
| 19.1 Pharmacokinetic Drug–Drug Interactions | 260 | ||
| 19.1.1 DDIs during absorption of psychotropic medications | 262 | ||
| 19.1.2 DDIs during excretion of psychotropic medications | 262 | ||
| 19.1.3 DDIs involving transport proteins | 263 | ||
| 19.1.4 DDIs involving inhibition or induction of oxidative CYP450 enzymes | 263 | ||
| 19.1.5 DDIs involving inhibition or induction of conjugation enzymes (phase II metabolism) | 270 | ||
| 19.2 Pharmacodynamic DDIs Involving Psychotropic Drugs | 272 | ||
| 19.3 Drug–Drug Interactions due to Cumulative Toxicity | 273 | ||
| 19.4 Drug–Drug Interactions Related to Food Supplements and Substances of Abuse | 273 | ||
| Appendix: DDI Review Questions | 275 | ||
| Answers to DDI Review Questions | 278 | ||
| References | 278 | ||
| About the Authors | 281 | ||
| Index of Psychotropic Drugs, Substances, and Supplements | 283 |