BOOK
Imaging of White Matter, An Issue of Radiologic Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
White matter lesions have been always challenging for general as well as neuroradiologits. Any disease process in the brain or body can affect white matter, making it very difficult to pinpoint the diagnosis. However the application of the proper algorithmic approach, pattern of distribution, and study of the morphology of these lesions makes it possible to limit the differential diagnosis and, many times, pinpoint specific diagnosis. Advancement of various imaging techniques predominately in MR (MR spectroscopy, MR perfusion, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). functional MR) along with PET has further improved our understanding of these disease processes. However, most of these techniques are new and not well understood by every physician. This issue will cover the topics necessary to master these techniques.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Imaging of White Matter\rLesions | i | ||
| copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Consulting Editor | iii | ||
| Editor | iii | ||
| Authors | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Program Objective | viii | ||
| Target Audience | viii | ||
| Learning Objectives | viii | ||
| Accreditation | viii | ||
| Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest | viii | ||
| Unapproved/Off-Label Use Disclosure | viii | ||
| To Enroll | viii | ||
| Method of Participation | viii | ||
| CME Inquiries/Special Needs | viii | ||
| Radiologic Clinics Of North America\r | ix | ||
| Preface\r | xi | ||
| Myelin, Myelination, and Corresponding Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changes | 227 | ||
| Key points | 227 | ||
| Introduction | 227 | ||
| Myelin structure | 227 | ||
| Myelin function | 229 | ||
| The process of myelination | 229 | ||
| Imaging of myelination | 230 | ||
| T1-weighted Images | 230 | ||
| T2-weighted Images | 230 | ||
| Fluid-attenuated Inversion Recovery Sequence | 235 | ||
| Diffusion-weighted Imaging | 235 | ||
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging | 236 | ||
| Proton MR Spectroscopy | 236 | ||
| Terminal zones of myelination | 237 | ||
| Summary | 237 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 237 | ||
| References | 237 | ||
| A Pattern Approach to Focal White Matter Hyperintensities on Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 241 | ||
| Key points | 241 | ||
| Introduction | 241 | ||
| Perivascular spaces or Virchow-Robin spaces | 242 | ||
| Migraine-related hyperintensities | 245 | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | 246 | ||
| Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis | 248 | ||
| CNS vasculitis | 250 | ||
| Lacunar infarcts | 251 | ||
| Watershed infarctions | 252 | ||
| CADASIL | 253 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 254 | ||
| Lyme | 255 | ||
| Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy | 256 | ||
| Age-related white matter lesions | 257 | ||
| Radiation-induced effects | 258 | ||
| References | 260 | ||
| An Imaging Approach to Diffuse White Matter Changes | 263 | ||
| Key points | 263 | ||
| Introduction | 263 | ||
| Definitions | 263 | ||
| Imaging technique | 264 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 264 | ||
| MR Imaging | 264 | ||
| Clinical history | 264 | ||
| Normal myelination | 265 | ||
| Adult-onset leukodystrophies | 265 | ||
| Vascular leukoencephalopathy | 266 | ||
| Viral infection | 268 | ||
| Toxic exposure | 269 | ||
| Treatment-related leukoencephalopathy | 270 | ||
| HIE | 273 | ||
| Neoplasia | 276 | ||
| Summary | 276 | ||
| References | 276 | ||
| Imaging Manifestations of the Leukodystrophies, Inherited Disorders of White Matter | 279 | ||
| Key points | 279 | ||
| Introduction | 279 | ||
| Image acquisition | 280 | ||
| Approach to image interpretation | 281 | ||
| Pattern 1: arrested/absent myelination | 283 | ||
| Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease | 283 | ||
| 18q Deletion Syndrome | 284 | ||
| Free Sialic Acid Storage Disorders | 289 | ||
| Fucosidosis | 289 | ||
| Other Disorders with Delayed/Arrested Myelination | 290 | ||
| Pattern 2: subcortical white matter predominant signal abnormality | 292 | ||
| Galactosemia | 292 | ||
| Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy with Subcortical Cysts | 293 | ||
| Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome | 294 | ||
| Pattern 3: central white matter predominant signal abnormality, with or without brainstem involvement | 295 | ||
| X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy | 295 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidoses | 295 | ||
| Lowe Syndrome (Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome) | 295 | ||
| X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth | 296 | ||
| Cockayne Syndrome | 298 | ||
| Leukoencephalopathy with Brainstem and Spinal Cord Involvement and Increased Lactate | 300 | ||
| Other Leukodystrophies with Central White Matter Involvement | 301 | ||
| Pattern 4: combinations of gray and white matter signal abnormality | 302 | ||
| Canavan Disease | 302 | ||
| L-2-Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria | 302 | ||
| Alexander Disease | 303 | ||
| GM1/GM2 Gangliosidoses (Tay-Sachs, Sandhoff Disease) | 304 | ||
| Krabbe Disease | 306 | ||
| MSUD | 306 | ||
| Gray Matter Diseases with Some Extension into White Matter: Urea Cycle and Mitochondrial Disorders | 309 | ||
| Summary | 310 | ||
| References | 310 | ||
| Advances in Multiple Sclerosis and its Variants | 321 | ||
| Key points | 321 | ||
| Introduction | 321 | ||
| Conventional MR imaging of focal white matter lesions | 322 | ||
| Conventional MR imaging of cerebral atrophy | 323 | ||
| Advances in conventional MR imaging | 324 | ||
| Automated imaging techniques and quantification of imaging data | 325 | ||
| Magnetization transfer imaging | 326 | ||
| Diffusion tensor imaging | 327 | ||
| Diffusion tensor tractography (diffusion tensor imaging) | 328 | ||
| MR proton spectroscopy | 328 | ||
| Functional MR imaging | 330 | ||
| MR perfusion imaging | 331 | ||
| Myelin imaging | 331 | ||
| Spinal cord imaging | 333 | ||
| Optic nerve imaging | 333 | ||
| Summary | 333 | ||
| References | 334 | ||
| Secondary Demyelination Disorders and Destruction of White Matter | 337 | ||
| Key points | 337 | ||
| Introduction | 337 | ||
| Associated with Infection/Vaccination | 337 | ||
| Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis | 337 | ||
| Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy | 339 | ||
| Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis | 340 | ||
| Associated with Nutritional/Vitamin Deficiency | 341 | ||
| Central pontine myelinosis | 341 | ||
| Subacute combined degeneration (vitamin B12 deficiency) | 342 | ||
| Wernicke encephalopathy | 342 | ||
| Associated with Physical/Chemical Agents and Medical Therapy | 343 | ||
| Radiation changes | 343 | ||
| Toxic drug exposure | 345 | ||
| Related to drug use | 345 | ||
| Marchiafava Bignami | 347 | ||
| Vascular | 347 | ||
| PRES | 347 | ||
| Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy | 348 | ||
| CADASIL | 350 | ||
| Summary | 351 | ||
| References | 351 | ||
| Viral Infections and White Matter Lesions | 355 | ||
| Key points | 355 | ||
| Introduction | 355 | ||
| Infectious viral white matter diseases | 356 | ||
| HIV Infection | 356 | ||
| HHV Infections | 357 | ||
| HSV Infection | 357 | ||
| HHV6 Infection | 358 | ||
| VZV Infection | 359 | ||
| CMV Infection | 361 | ||
| EBV Infection | 362 | ||
| PTLD | 366 | ||
| LYG | 367 | ||
| AIDS-related CNS Lymphoma | 367 | ||
| JCV Infection | 367 | ||
| WNV Infection | 369 | ||
| Measles Virus Infection | 370 | ||
| Noninfectious virus-associated white matter diseases | 371 | ||
| ADEM | 371 | ||
| AHLE | 373 | ||
| BBE | 374 | ||
| ANE | 374 | ||
| MERS | 375 | ||
| Summary | 377 | ||
| References | 378 | ||
| Neuroimaging of Vascular Dementia | 383 | ||
| Key points | 383 | ||
| Introduction | 383 | ||
| Prevalence | 383 | ||
| Diagnostic criteria | 384 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 385 | ||
| Topography | 383 | ||
| Severity | 383 | ||
| Fulfillment of radiological criteria for probable VaD | 383 | ||
| Neuroimaging | 386 | ||
| Large-vessel VaD | 386 | ||
| MID (Poststroke Dementia) | 386 | ||
| Watershed Infarctions | 387 | ||
| Strategic Single-Infarct Dementia | 389 | ||
| Hypoperfusion and Ischemic Encephalopathy | 390 | ||
| Small-vessel VaD (WMLs and dementia) | 392 | ||
| Subcortical VaD | 392 | ||
| Lacunes | 393 | ||
| Perivascular Spaces | 393 | ||
| Silent Cerebral Infarcts | 394 | ||
| Microhemorrhage and dementia | 397 | ||
| CAA | 397 | ||
| Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy | 397 | ||
| Summary | 399 | ||
| References | 399 | ||
| Metabolic White Matter Diseases and the Utility of MR Spectroscopy | 403 | ||
| Key points | 403 | ||
| Introduction | 403 | ||
| Gamut of Magnetic Resonance | 404 | ||
| MRS Fundamentals/Methodology | 404 | ||
| Metabolites | 405 | ||
| Analysis | 405 | ||
| Imaging Technique | 406 | ||
| Clinical Applications | 406 | ||
| Metabolic disorders | 406 | ||
| Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Mitochondrial Disorders, and Leukodystrophy | 406 | ||
| Additional clinical applications | 408 | ||
| Differentiating Predominant Tumor Progression from Predominant Radiation Necrosis | 408 | ||
| Pearls, Pitfalls, and Variants | 409 | ||
| What the Referring Physician Needs to Know | 410 | ||
| Summary | 410 | ||
| References | 410 | ||
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Cerebral White Matter | 413 | ||
| Key points | 413 | ||
| Introduction | 413 | ||
| Imaging technique | 416 | ||
| Techniques of DTI | 416 | ||
| DTI: Theory and Techniques | 416 | ||
| FA | 417 | ||
| Anatomy | 421 | ||
| Imaging findings/pathologic conditions | 423 | ||
| Summary | 424 | ||
| References | 424 | ||
| Imaging Approach to the Cord T2 Hyperintensity (Myelopathy) | 427 | ||
| Key points | 427 | ||
| Introduction | 427 | ||
| Compressive | 428 | ||
| Trauma | 428 | ||
| Spondylosis | 428 | ||
| Neoplasm | 431 | ||
| Infection | 432 | ||
| Acute | 432 | ||
| Chronic | 433 | ||
| Inflammatory | 434 | ||
| Transverse Myelitis | 434 | ||
| MS | 435 | ||
| Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis | 437 | ||
| Neuromyelitis Optica | 438 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 438 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 439 | ||
| Vascular | 440 | ||
| Spinal cord infarction | 440 | ||
| Spinal hemorrhage | 441 | ||
| Spinal vascular malformations | 442 | ||
| Cavernomas | 442 | ||
| Metabolic/Toxic | 443 | ||
| Subacute Combined Degeneration | 443 | ||
| Superficial Siderosis | 443 | ||
| Hereditary | 445 | ||
| Summary | 445 | ||
| References | 445 | ||
| Index | 447 |