BOOK
Diabetes Mellitus: Associated Conditions, An Issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of the Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, guest edited by Drs. Leonid Poretsky and Emilia Pauline Liao, will focus on Diabetes Mellitus: Associated Conditions. Articles in this issue include Metabolic syndrome; The role of glucocorticoids and insulin resistance in adipose tissue function and lipid metabolism; Cardiovascular disease; The Relationships between Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: Focus on Pathogenesis; Interventions for coronary artery disease; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Hypertension; Sleep apnea; Osteoporosis; Vitamin D deficiency; Diabetes and cancer; Dementia; Depression; and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus:Associated Conditions | i | ||
| copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Consulting Editor | iii | ||
| Editors | iii | ||
| Authors | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Endocrinology And\rMetabolism Clinics Of\rNorth America\r | xi | ||
| Foreword | xiii | ||
| Preface\r | xvii | ||
| Metabolic Syndrome | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| Definitions | 2 | ||
| Epidemiology | 3 | ||
| Consequences of MetS | 8 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 10 | ||
| Treatment | 13 | ||
| Controversies | 15 | ||
| Summary and future considerations | 16 | ||
| References | 16 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes Mellitus | 25 | ||
| Key points | 25 | ||
| Introduction | 25 | ||
| Epidemiology | 26 | ||
| Assessing the risk of cardiovascular events | 26 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 27 | ||
| Mitigating the risks | 28 | ||
| Intensive Glycemic Control | 28 | ||
| Choosing the right agents | 29 | ||
| Lipids | 31 | ||
| Hypertension | 32 | ||
| Aspirin | 33 | ||
| Diagnosis of CHD in asymptomatic patients | 33 | ||
| Revascularization | 34 | ||
| Summary | 34 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 35 | ||
| References | 35 | ||
| The Relationships Between Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes | 41 | ||
| Key points | 41 | ||
| Introduction | 41 | ||
| Diabetes and the vasculature | 42 | ||
| Oxidative Stress and the Vasculature | 42 | ||
| Diabetic Microvascular Dysfunction | 44 | ||
| Vascular Progenitor Cell Dysfunction and Diabetes | 44 | ||
| Impaired Reverse Cholesterol Transport | 45 | ||
| Summary of Relationships Between Diabetes and the Vasculature | 45 | ||
| Diabetes and the heart: diabetic cardiomyopathy | 45 | ||
| Mechanisms of Disease | 46 | ||
| Altered Substrate Metabolism | 46 | ||
| Activation of the Renin-angiotensin System | 47 | ||
| Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy | 47 | ||
| Myocardial Fibrosis | 48 | ||
| Cardiovascular Findings | 48 | ||
| Diagnosing DCM | 48 | ||
| Diabetes and the cardiovascular patient | 49 | ||
| Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors | 49 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 49 | ||
| Hypertension | 50 | ||
| Glycemic control | 50 | ||
| Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease | 50 | ||
| Heart Failure | 52 | ||
| Summary | 52 | ||
| References | 53 | ||
| Interventions for Coronary Artery Disease (Surgery vs Angioplasty) in Diabetic Patients | 59 | ||
| Key points | 59 | ||
| Introduction | 59 | ||
| Revascularization treatment options | 60 | ||
| Guidelines and other issues | 63 | ||
| Choice of conduit | 63 | ||
| Risk Scoring for CABG | 64 | ||
| Why is CABG Better than PCI? | 65 | ||
| Conclusions | 66 | ||
| Important Aspects of Perioperative Care: Glucose Control | 66 | ||
| What is the current role for PCI? | 67 | ||
| Summary | 68 | ||
| References | 68 | ||
| Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid-Induced Insulin Resistance | 75 | ||
| Key points | 75 | ||
| Introduction | 75 | ||
| Mechanisms of GC-induced insulin resistance | 76 | ||
| Tissue-specific regulation of insulin resistance | 76 | ||
| GC Regulation of Adipose Tissue Functionality, Mass, and Distribution | 76 | ||
| GC regulation of white adipose tissue lipolysis | 76 | ||
| GC regulation of de novo lipogenesis in white adipose tissue | 78 | ||
| GC regulation of insulin sensitivity in white adipose tissue | 78 | ||
| Chronic in vivo GC effects on adipogenesis and white adipose tissue mass and distribution in humans: studies on Cushing syn ... | 79 | ||
| GC regulation of the secretory profile of white adipose tissue | 80 | ||
| GC regulation of brown adipose tissue | 81 | ||
| Mechanisms of GC-Induced Insulin Resistance in Muscle | 82 | ||
| Mechanisms of GC-Induced Hepatic Insulin Resistance: Lipogenesis, Steatosis, and Circulating Lipids | 82 | ||
| GC Regulation of Circulating Lipids | 83 | ||
| Potential Effects of Brain GCs on Metabolic Homeostasis | 84 | ||
| 11β-HSD1 as a gatekeeper for intracellular GC availability | 85 | ||
| The Potential Role of 11β-HSD1 Inhibition in Humans | 86 | ||
| The role of GCs in the development of common obesity | 87 | ||
| The paradox of GC anti-inflammatory yet diabetogenic actions: duration, location, or context? | 87 | ||
| Summary and future directions | 88 | ||
| References | 89 | ||
| Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension | 103 | ||
| Key points | 103 | ||
| Introduction | 103 | ||
| The burden | 105 | ||
| Epidemiology | 105 | ||
| Pathophysiology: converging pathways in coexisting DM and HTN | 105 | ||
| Role of oxidative stress | 106 | ||
| Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia | 107 | ||
| Treatment of HTN: rationale, strategies, and challenges in HTN | 108 | ||
| Impact of BP Control | 108 | ||
| BP Targets | 108 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic treatment: the role of therapeutic lifestyle intervention | 109 | ||
| Pharmacologic therapy | 111 | ||
| RAAS Blockade | 111 | ||
| CCBs | 112 | ||
| Diuretics | 112 | ||
| Incretin-based therapy and HTN: beyond glycemic control | 113 | ||
| Combined pharmacologic therapy | 114 | ||
| Perspectives | 114 | ||
| Telehealth | 114 | ||
| Renal Denervation | 115 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 115 | ||
| References | 115 | ||
| Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | 123 | ||
| Key points | 123 | ||
| History of polycystic ovary syndrome | 123 | ||
| Definition of PCOS | 124 | ||
| Clinical features of PCOS | 125 | ||
| Reproductive features of PCOS | 125 | ||
| Metabolic features of PCOS | 126 | ||
| Psychological features of PCOS | 128 | ||
| Risk factors for PCOS | 128 | ||
| Long-term consequences of PCOS | 129 | ||
| Insulin Resistance and Risk of Diabetes | 129 | ||
| Obesity | 130 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 130 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 130 | ||
| Endometrial Cancer | 131 | ||
| Pregnancy Complications | 131 | ||
| PCOS in adolescence | 131 | ||
| Insulin resistance and PCOS | 132 | ||
| In Vitro Models | 132 | ||
| In Vivo Models | 134 | ||
| Genetics | 134 | ||
| Syndromes of Severe Insulin Resistance | 135 | ||
| Treatment of PCOS | 136 | ||
| Summary | 138 | ||
| References | 138 | ||
| Peripheral Arterial Disease | 149 | ||
| Key points | 149 | ||
| Introduction | 149 | ||
| Risk factors and pathogenesis | 150 | ||
| Risk Factors for PAD | 150 | ||
| Age, sex, and ethnicity | 150 | ||
| Cigarette smoking | 150 | ||
| Diabetes | 150 | ||
| Hypertension | 151 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 151 | ||
| Other factors | 151 | ||
| Atherosclerosis in PAD | 151 | ||
| Pathogenesis of the Complications of Diabetes in PAD | 153 | ||
| Hyperglycemia | 153 | ||
| Impaired lipid metabolism | 154 | ||
| Hypercoagulability and platelet dysfunction | 154 | ||
| Predictors of disease progression | 154 | ||
| C-reactive Protein | 155 | ||
| Fibrinogen | 155 | ||
| D-dimer | 155 | ||
| Hyperhomocysteinemia | 155 | ||
| Lipoprotein (a) | 155 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 155 | ||
| Intermittent Claudication | 156 | ||
| Critical Limb Ischemia | 156 | ||
| Diagnosis of PAD | 157 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 157 | ||
| ABPI Measurement | 157 | ||
| Treadmill Exercise Testing | 158 | ||
| Transcutaneous Oxygen Pressure Measurement | 158 | ||
| Duplex Ultrasound Scanning | 159 | ||
| Angiography | 159 | ||
| Management | 159 | ||
| Lifestyle and Risk Modifications | 159 | ||
| Cigarette smoking | 159 | ||
| Hyperglycemia | 160 | ||
| Hypercholesterolemia | 160 | ||
| Hypertension | 161 | ||
| Exercise | 161 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 161 | ||
| Antiplatelet agents | 161 | ||
| Vasoactive agents | 161 | ||
| Surgical Intervention | 162 | ||
| New therapies and future opportunities | 162 | ||
| Spinal Cord Stimulation | 162 | ||
| Intermittent Pneumatic Compression | 163 | ||
| Angiogenesis | 163 | ||
| Summary | 163 | ||
| References | 163 | ||
| Diabetes and Cancer | 167 | ||
| Key points | 167 | ||
| Introduction | 167 | ||
| Epidemiology of diabetes and cancer | 168 | ||
| Diabetes, Obesity, and the Metabolic Syndrome | 168 | ||
| Diabetes and Cancer Incidence | 169 | ||
| Diabetes and Cancer Mortality | 170 | ||
| Biologic mechanisms linking diabetes and cancer | 171 | ||
| IGF-1, insulin, and glucose | 172 | ||
| IGF-1 | 172 | ||
| Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinemia | 175 | ||
| Hyperglycemia | 176 | ||
| Cytokines and adipokines | 177 | ||
| Inflammation | 177 | ||
| Adipokines | 178 | ||
| Summary | 179 | ||
| References | 180 | ||
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 187 | ||
| Key points | 187 | ||
| Introduction | 187 | ||
| Observational studies linking OSA with abnormalities of insulin and glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes | 188 | ||
| Prevalence of OSA in subjects with type 2 diabetes | 190 | ||
| Insulin and glucose homeostasis assessment in patients with OSA | 190 | ||
| Impact of OSA on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes | 191 | ||
| Independent association of OSA with the metabolic syndrome | 191 | ||
| Pathophysiology of OSA and potential links to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes | 191 | ||
| Chronic IH and insulin resistance | 192 | ||
| Chronic intermittent hypoxia, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation | 193 | ||
| Impact of IH on pancreatic β-cell function | 194 | ||
| Sympathetic neural activation | 194 | ||
| Adipose tissue hypoxia and systemic inflammation | 194 | ||
| Human studies linking IH and sleep fragmentation with insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction | 195 | ||
| CPAP therapy in OSA and changes in insulin sensitivity | 196 | ||
| CPAP therapy in OSA and changes in glycosylated hemoglobin | 197 | ||
| Impact of CPAP therapy for OSA on the metabolic syndrome | 197 | ||
| Screening for OSA in patients with type 2 diabetes | 198 | ||
| Diagnosis and treatment of OSA | 199 | ||
| Summary | 200 | ||
| References | 200 | ||
| Vitamin D and Diabetes | 205 | ||
| Key points | 205 | ||
| Introduction | 205 | ||
| Review of vitamin D physiology | 206 | ||
| Classification of vitamin D status | 206 | ||
| Vitamin D intake requirements | 207 | ||
| Biologic plausibility of an association between vitamin D and type 2 diabetes | 208 | ||
| Vitamin D and Insulin Secretion | 208 | ||
| Vitamin D and Insulin Sensitivity | 208 | ||
| Vitamin D and Systemic Inflammation | 209 | ||
| Association between vitamin D status and type 2 diabetes | 210 | ||
| Cross-Sectional Studies | 210 | ||
| Longitudinal Studies | 211 | ||
| The influence of vitamin D supplementation on type 2 diabetes | 217 | ||
| Vitamin D and type 1 diabetes | 225 | ||
| Summary | 226 | ||
| References | 227 | ||
| Osteoporosis-associated Fracture and Diabetes | 233 | ||
| Key points | 233 | ||
| Introduction | 233 | ||
| T1D versus T2D and bone: similarities | 234 | ||
| T1D versus T2D and bone: differences | 236 | ||
| Quantifying risk of fracture associated with diabetes and osteoporosis | 237 | ||
| Management | 238 | ||
| Treatment | 239 | ||
| References | 240 | ||
| Relationships Between Diabetes and Cognitive Impairment | 245 | ||
| Key points | 245 | ||
| Introduction | 245 | ||
| Insulin signaling | 246 | ||
| The Master Hormone | 246 | ||
| Insulin-Stimulated Effects | 246 | ||
| IGFs | 247 | ||
| Insulin and IGF Signaling in the Brain | 248 | ||
| Insulin and IGF Signal Transduction | 248 | ||
| Insulin resistance and neurodegeneration | 248 | ||
| Insulin Resistance and its Consequences | 248 | ||
| AD Occurrence and Clinical Diagnosis | 248 | ||
| AD Neuropathology | 249 | ||
| AD is a Metabolic Disease with Brain Insulin/IGF Resistance | 249 | ||
| Brain Insulin and IGF Resistance and Deficiency in AD-Human Studies | 252 | ||
| Does AD = Type 3 Diabetes? | 252 | ||
| Experimental Evidence that Type 3 Diabetes = Sporadic AD | 253 | ||
| Metabolic Deficits in AD: the Starving Brain | 253 | ||
| Chronic Ischemic Cerebral Microvascular Disease | 254 | ||
| Brain metabolic derangements in other neurodegenerative diseases | 256 | ||
| Underlying causes of brain insulin resistance in AD | 257 | ||
| Aging | 257 | ||
| Lifestyle Choices and Aging | 258 | ||
| Obesity and Cognitive Impairment | 258 | ||
| T2DM | 259 | ||
| NAFLD/NASH | 259 | ||
| Metabolic Syndrome | 259 | ||
| Summary | 260 | ||
| References | 260 | ||
| Interactions Between Diabetes and Anxiety and Depression | 269 | ||
| Key points | 269 | ||
| Subtypes of diabetes and their relationship to anxiety and depression | 270 | ||
| Complex relationships between anxiety and depression and diabetes | 270 | ||
| Diabetes association with depression and anxiety | 270 | ||
| Depression and anxiety association with diabetes | 271 | ||
| Metabolic syndrome | 272 | ||
| Epigenetic risk | 273 | ||
| Treatment of depression: effect of medication | 273 | ||
| Antidepressants and antipsychotics: further analysis of risk/benefit | 273 | ||
| Treatment of diabetes as risk factor of depression and anxiety | 275 | ||
| Other biologic treatment modalities for depression | 275 | ||
| Cognitive behavioral therapy interventions | 275 | ||
| How to improve care for diabetes and anxiety and depression | 276 | ||
| Summary | 277 | ||
| References | 278 | ||
| Index | 285 |