BOOK
Biliary Tract and Primary Liver Tumors, An Issue of Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America is devoted to "Biliary Tract and Primary Liver Tumors" and is edited by Timothy Pawlik, MD, of the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. Expert authors in this issue review this topic in articles such as: Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Biliary Tract Tumors and Primary Liver Tumors; Imaging of the Patient with a Biliary Tract or Primary Liver Tumor; Percutaneous and Endoscopic Approaches to Biliary Tract Tumors and Primary Liver Tumors; Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma; Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma; Distal Cholangiocarcinoma; Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Staging of Biliary Tract and Primary Liver Tumors; Intra-arterial Therapies: Primary Liver Tumors; Radiotherapy: Primary Liver Tumors; Systemic and Targeted Therapy; and Palliation: Treating Patients with Inoperable Biliary Tract and Primary Liver Tumors.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Biliary Tract and PrimaryLiver Tumors | i | ||
| copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Surgical Oncology\rClinics Of North America\r | xi | ||
| Foreword | xiii | ||
| Preface\r | xv | ||
| Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Biliary Tract and Primary Liver Tumors | 171 | ||
| Key points | 171 | ||
| Hepatocellular cancer | 171 | ||
| Global Incidence of HCC | 172 | ||
| Gender | 172 | ||
| Age | 173 | ||
| Distribution of Risk Factors | 173 | ||
| Risk Factors for HCC | 173 | ||
| HBV | 173 | ||
| HCV | 174 | ||
| Alcohol | 174 | ||
| Aflatoxin | 175 | ||
| Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | 175 | ||
| Hemangioma | 175 | ||
| Focal nodular hyperplasia | 176 | ||
| Hepatocellular adenoma | 176 | ||
| Gallbladder cancer | 176 | ||
| Risk Factors | 177 | ||
| Cholelithiasis | 177 | ||
| Calcification and inflammation | 177 | ||
| Infection | 178 | ||
| Anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junction | 178 | ||
| Gallbladder polyps | 178 | ||
| Other risk factors | 179 | ||
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 179 | ||
| Risk Factors | 180 | ||
| PSC | 180 | ||
| Liver fluke | 180 | ||
| Viral hepatitis | 181 | ||
| Bile duct cysts | 181 | ||
| Hepatolithiasis | 181 | ||
| Thorotrast | 181 | ||
| References | 182 | ||
| Imaging of the Patient with a Biliary Tract or Primary Liver Tumor | 189 | ||
| Key points | 189 | ||
| Introduction | 189 | ||
| Imaging: Tumor Detection | 189 | ||
| Imaging: Tumor Staging | 190 | ||
| Imaging: Treatment Response Assessment | 190 | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 190 | ||
| Fibrolamellar Carcinoma | 194 | ||
| Lymphoma of the liver | 195 | ||
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 195 | ||
| Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma | 196 | ||
| Mass forming type | 196 | ||
| PIT | 196 | ||
| Intraductal growing type | 198 | ||
| Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma | 198 | ||
| Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma | 198 | ||
| Gallbladder carcinoma | 199 | ||
| Intramural Polypoid Mass | 200 | ||
| Focal or Diffuse Asymmetric Gallbladder Wall Thickening | 200 | ||
| Subhepatic Mass Occupying the Gallbladder | 200 | ||
| Lymphoma of the gallbladder | 200 | ||
| Periampullary tumors | 201 | ||
| Ampullary carcinoma | 201 | ||
| Vascular tumors | 202 | ||
| Angiosarcoma | 202 | ||
| Summary | 202 | ||
| References | 203 | ||
| Endoscopic and Percutaneous Approaches to the Treatment of Biliary Tract and Primary Liver Tumors | 207 | ||
| Key points | 207 | ||
| Introduction | 207 | ||
| Biliary drainage | 208 | ||
| Indications for Preoperative Biliary Drainage | 208 | ||
| Distal Bile Duct Strictures | 209 | ||
| Proximal Bile Duct Strictures | 210 | ||
| Endoscopic Versus Percutaneous Drainage | 212 | ||
| Plastic Versus Metal Stents | 212 | ||
| EA | 213 | ||
| The Case for Local Resection of Ampullary Neoplasms | 213 | ||
| Basic EA Technique | 214 | ||
| EA Versus SA | 215 | ||
| Intraluminal therapies for cholangiocarcinoma | 217 | ||
| Percutaneous ablative therapies for primary liver tumors | 218 | ||
| MWA | 219 | ||
| Selection Criteria/Assessing Response | 219 | ||
| Laparoscopic Versus Percutaneous Ablation | 220 | ||
| Long-term Outcomes Versus Resection | 222 | ||
| Summary | 223 | ||
| References | 224 | ||
| Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma | 231 | ||
| Key points | 231 | ||
| Introduction: nature of the problem | 231 | ||
| Epidemiology | 231 | ||
| Risk Factors | 232 | ||
| Subtypes | 232 | ||
| Clinical presentation and diagnosis | 234 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 234 | ||
| Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation | 234 | ||
| Staging and prognosis | 235 | ||
| 7th Edition AJCC Staging | 235 | ||
| Management and treatment | 237 | ||
| Preoperative Preparation | 237 | ||
| Staging Laparoscopy | 238 | ||
| Hepatic Resection | 238 | ||
| Lymphadenectomy | 238 | ||
| Vascular Resection | 238 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Surgery | 240 | ||
| Transplant | 240 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 241 | ||
| Summary | 241 | ||
| References | 241 | ||
| Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma | 247 | ||
| Key points | 247 | ||
| Introduction | 247 | ||
| Tumor pathology and staging | 248 | ||
| Preoperative patient selection and diagnostic techniques | 250 | ||
| Resection and transplantation criteria | 252 | ||
| Preoperative patient preparation | 253 | ||
| Resection | 253 | ||
| Transplantation | 253 | ||
| Operative management | 254 | ||
| Resection | 254 | ||
| Caudate lobectomy | 255 | ||
| Extended hepatectomies and hilar en bloc resection | 255 | ||
| Liver transplantation | 256 | ||
| Morbidity | 257 | ||
| Resection status and survival | 258 | ||
| Adjuvant treatment | 258 | ||
| Summary | 258 | ||
| References | 259 | ||
| Distal Cholangiocarcinoma | 265 | ||
| Key points | 265 | ||
| Incidence | 265 | ||
| Classification | 265 | ||
| Etiology | 266 | ||
| Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 266 | ||
| Choledochal Cyst | 266 | ||
| Parasitic Infestation | 267 | ||
| Cholelithiasis | 267 | ||
| Pathology | 268 | ||
| Molecular pathogenesis | 268 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 269 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 270 | ||
| Preoperative evaluation | 270 | ||
| Tumor Markers | 271 | ||
| Preoperative stent | 272 | ||
| Staging | 272 | ||
| Criteria for unresectability | 273 | ||
| Surgical management | 273 | ||
| Perioperative Outcomes | 274 | ||
| Role of Hepatopancreaticoduodenectomy | 274 | ||
| Role of Portal Vein Resection | 274 | ||
| Role of Diagnostic Laparoscopy | 274 | ||
| Surgical Resection in Recurrent CC | 275 | ||
| Pathologic prognostic factors | 275 | ||
| Resection Margin Status | 275 | ||
| Nodal Metastasis | 275 | ||
| Perineural Invasion | 277 | ||
| Extracapsular Lymph Node Invasion | 277 | ||
| Medical management | 277 | ||
| Neoadjuvant Therapy | 277 | ||
| Adjuvant Therapy | 277 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 277 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | 278 | ||
| Palliation | 278 | ||
| Photodynamic Therapy | 278 | ||
| Summary | 278 | ||
| References | 279 | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 289 | ||
| Key points | 289 | ||
| Introduction | 289 | ||
| Carcinogenesis and diagnosis | 290 | ||
| Genetics | 290 | ||
| Molecular Mechanisms | 290 | ||
| Tumor Markers and Screening | 291 | ||
| Surgical therapy | 292 | ||
| Resection | 292 | ||
| Transplantation | 295 | ||
| Locoregional therapies | 298 | ||
| Ablative Therapies | 298 | ||
| TACE | 299 | ||
| TARE | 300 | ||
| Systemic therapy for HCC | 300 | ||
| Cytotoxic Therapy | 300 | ||
| Targeted Therapy | 301 | ||
| Combined Locoregional and Systemic Therapies | 302 | ||
| Summary | 302 | ||
| References | 303 | ||
| Staging of Biliary Tract and Primary Liver Tumors | 313 | ||
| Key points | 313 | ||
| Introduction | 313 | ||
| Staging of primary liver cancer | 314 | ||
| HCC | 314 | ||
| CLIP score | 314 | ||
| BCLC staging system | 314 | ||
| LCSGJ staging system | 315 | ||
| AJCC/UICC staging system | 316 | ||
| Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma | 316 | ||
| Staging of biliary tract cancer | 317 | ||
| Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer | 317 | ||
| Gallbladder Cancer | 318 | ||
| Summary | 320 | ||
| References | 320 | ||
| Transarterial Therapies for Primary Liver Tumors | 323 | ||
| Key points | 323 | ||
| Introduction | 323 | ||
| Transarterial therapeutic options | 324 | ||
| cTACE | 326 | ||
| Transarterial Embolization | 326 | ||
| Drug-eluting Bead TACE | 326 | ||
| Transarterial Chemoinfusion | 326 | ||
| Transarterial Radioembolization | 327 | ||
| Landmark clinical outcomes, key current data, and comparisons of modern transarterial techniques | 328 | ||
| cTACE | 328 | ||
| cTACE Versus Surgical Resection | 329 | ||
| TAE | 329 | ||
| cTACE Versus TAE | 333 | ||
| cTACE Versus TACI | 333 | ||
| Doxorubicin Versus Cisplatin and Single Versus Multiple Chemotherapy cTACE | 334 | ||
| DEB-TACE | 334 | ||
| DEB-TACE Versus cTACE | 334 | ||
| DEB-TACE Versus TAE | 334 | ||
| TARE | 335 | ||
| TARE Versus cTACE | 335 | ||
| Combined Transarterial and Percutaneous Therapies | 335 | ||
| Combined TACE and RFA Versus RFA Alone | 335 | ||
| Combined TAE and RFA versus resection | 336 | ||
| TACE plus portal vein embolization | 336 | ||
| Combined cTACE and Sorafenib | 336 | ||
| Novel transarterial therapies and future directions | 338 | ||
| Phase III Trials in Progress Seek to Further Delineate the Role of TARE with Respect to Systemic and Other Transarterial Th ... | 338 | ||
| Modifications of Standard TARE Have Been Described That Portend a Shift Toward a Goal of Transarterial Tumor Ablation | 338 | ||
| Patient and technique selection, complications, and concerns | 339 | ||
| Patient Selection | 339 | ||
| Technique Selection | 339 | ||
| Complications and Concerns | 340 | ||
| TAE | 341 | ||
| DEB-TACE | 342 | ||
| TARE | 343 | ||
| Summary | 344 | ||
| References | 345 | ||
| An Emerging Role for Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma | 353 | ||
| Key points | 353 | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 354 | ||
| Radiation-Induced Liver Toxicity | 354 | ||
| Partial Liver Tolerance and Re-emergence of Fractionated Conformal Radiotherapy | 355 | ||
| Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy | 356 | ||
| Portal Vein Thrombosis | 359 | ||
| Charged-Particle RT | 359 | ||
| Bridge to transplant | 362 | ||
| Combination therapy | 363 | ||
| Sorafenib and Radiation Therapy | 363 | ||
| TACE and Radiation Therapy | 364 | ||
| Primary ICC | 364 | ||
| Future direction | 365 | ||
| References | 365 | ||
| Systemic and Targeted Therapy for Biliary Tract Tumors and Primary Liver Tumors | 369 | ||
| Key points | 369 | ||
| Introduction | 369 | ||
| The challenges of developing an effective systemic therapy for advanced biliary tract and liver cancers | 369 | ||
| Clinical Behavior | 370 | ||
| Imaging Characteristics | 370 | ||
| Tumor Biology | 370 | ||
| Patient Comorbid Conditions | 370 | ||
| Systemic therapy for biliary tract cancers: state of the clinical science | 371 | ||
| Advancing treatment of biliary tract cancer by incorporating targeted therapies into clinical trials | 371 | ||
| Systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: current management | 373 | ||
| Summary | 376 | ||
| References | 376 | ||
| Palliation | 383 | ||
| Key points | 383 | ||
| Strategy | 384 | ||
| Treatments | 385 | ||
| Locoregional Therapy | 385 | ||
| RFA | 385 | ||
| PEI | 385 | ||
| Cryoablation | 385 | ||
| Microwave ablation | 386 | ||
| Regional Chemotherapy | 386 | ||
| HAI | 386 | ||
| Chemoembolization | 386 | ||
| Radioembolization | 387 | ||
| External-beam radiotherapy | 388 | ||
| Endoscopic and percutaneous palliation | 388 | ||
| Systemic therapies | 390 | ||
| Summary | 391 | ||
| References | 391 | ||
| Index | 399 |