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Abstract
With each passing year neuroimaging becomes more and more central in the diagnosis of neurologic disease, as its capacity to detect subtle changes in nervous system tissue increases. This issue of Neurologic Clinics features twelve articles that address the key clinical applications of the several radiologic modalities. Topics include: Neuro-Imaging of Infectious Disease; Neuro-Imaging of Dementia; Imaging of Traumatic Brain Injury; 3. MR Guided Focused Ultrasound: A New Technology for Clinical Neurosciences; Novel Multi- Modality Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Arteriovenous Malformations; Neuroimaging in the Critical Care Environment; Imaging of Cerebral Ischemia: From Acute Stroke to Chronic Disorders; Imaging of Cancer-Related Neurotoxicity; Neurocutaneous Syndromes; Imaging of Chiari Malformation and Hydrocephalus; and others.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Neuroimaging | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Neurologic Clinics\r | xi | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Neuroimaging Trends and Future Outlook | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| Common developments | 2 | ||
| MR | 3 | ||
| Magnet Hardware | 3 | ||
| Parallel Transmission | 6 | ||
| Array Coils and Parallel Imaging | 7 | ||
| Fast k-space Sampling | 7 | ||
| Functional MRI | 8 | ||
| BOLD fMRI and DTI | 8 | ||
| Susceptibility imaging | 9 | ||
| ASL | 9 | ||
| Spectroscopy | 11 | ||
| Other Methods | 12 | ||
| Contrast Agents | 13 | ||
| CT | 14 | ||
| Acquisition Speed | 14 | ||
| Slice Resolution | 16 | ||
| Dose Reduction | 16 | ||
| Multienergy | 17 | ||
| Ultrasound | 18 | ||
| Nuclear medicine | 19 | ||
| Hardware | 20 | ||
| PET Tracers | 21 | ||
| SPECT Tracers | 23 | ||
| Summary | 23 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 24 | ||
| References | 24 | ||
| Advanced Neuroimaging of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury | 31 | ||
| Key points | 31 | ||
| Introduction | 31 | ||
| mTBI: brief overview | 32 | ||
| Terminology | 32 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 32 | ||
| Symptomatology | 33 | ||
| Conventional neuroimaging of traumatic brain injury | 33 | ||
| General Considerations | 33 | ||
| CT | 34 | ||
| CT Overuse and Radiation Exposure | 35 | ||
| MRI | 36 | ||
| Structural MRI in mTBI | 36 | ||
| Advanced structural neuroimaging of mTBI | 37 | ||
| Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging | 37 | ||
| Diffusion-Weighted Imaging | 39 | ||
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging | 39 | ||
| Voxel-based Morphometry | 41 | ||
| Advanced functional neuroimaging of mTBI | 41 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | 41 | ||
| Functional MRI | 42 | ||
| Perfusion-Weighted Imaging | 45 | ||
| Positron-Emission Tomography | 49 | ||
| Emerging techniques | 49 | ||
| Summary | 51 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 52 | ||
| References | 52 | ||
| Neuroimaging of Dementia | 59 | ||
| Key points | 59 | ||
| Introduction | 60 | ||
| Imaging guidelines | 60 | ||
| Routine imaging modalities | 61 | ||
| Alzheimer Disease | 63 | ||
| Imaging Modalities in AD | 65 | ||
| Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration | 69 | ||
| Diffuse Lewy body dementia | 71 | ||
| Progressive supranuclear palsy | 72 | ||
| Huntington disease | 73 | ||
| MSA-p | 73 | ||
| Normal pressure hydrocephalus | 74 | ||
| Prion diseases | 75 | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | 77 | ||
| Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy | 80 | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus–associated cognitive disorders | 81 | ||
| CNS lupus | 81 | ||
| Neurosarcoidosis | 82 | ||
| Vascular dementia/vascular cognitive impairment | 84 | ||
| Large-Vessel Disease | 84 | ||
| Small-Vessel Disease | 84 | ||
| Other Vascular Diseases | 86 | ||
| Summary | 87 | ||
| References | 87 | ||
| Imaging of Chiari Type I Malformation and Syringohydromyelia | 95 | ||
| Key points | 95 | ||
| Introduction | 96 | ||
| Brief history | 96 | ||
| Classification | 96 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 97 | ||
| Clinical presentation | 100 | ||
| Diagnostic neuroimaging | 102 | ||
| Clinical management of Chiari I malformations | 107 | ||
| Postoperative complications and associated imaging findings | 109 | ||
| Summary | 123 | ||
| References | 123 | ||
| Neuroimaging of Infectious Disease | 127 | ||
| Key points | 127 | ||
| Meningitis | 128 | ||
| Infections of the orbits, sinuses, and soft tissues | 129 | ||
| Meningoencephalitis and abscess | 133 | ||
| Indolent infections | 140 | ||
| Summary | 143 | ||
| References | 143 | ||
| Imaging of Cancer Therapy–Induced Central Nervous System Toxicity | 147 | ||
| Key points | 147 | ||
| Introduction | 147 | ||
| CT in the assessment of cancer therapy–associated neurotoxic syndromes | 148 | ||
| MRI in the assessment of cancer therapy–associated neurotoxic syndromes | 151 | ||
| Functional imaging in the assessment of cancer therapy–associated neurotoxic syndromes | 153 | ||
| Emerging imaging techniques and future directions in cancer therapy–associated neurotoxicity | 154 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 155 | ||
| References | 155 | ||
| Neuroimaging of Neurocutaneous Diseases | 159 | ||
| Key points | 159 | ||
| Introduction | 159 | ||
| NF1 (von Recklinghausen disease) | 160 | ||
| Neuroimaging Abnormalities in NF1 | 160 | ||
| Intracranial neoplasms | 160 | ||
| Parenchymal T2-hyperintense lesions and volumetric anomalies | 163 | ||
| Cerebral and systemic vasculopathy | 166 | ||
| Sphenoid wing dysplasia | 166 | ||
| Peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNST) | 167 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis type 2 (nf2) | 167 | ||
| Neuroimaging Abnormalities in NF2 | 170 | ||
| Schwannomas | 170 | ||
| Meningioma | 172 | ||
| Ependymomas | 173 | ||
| Schwannomatosis | 174 | ||
| Neuroimaging Abnormalities in Schwannomatosis | 174 | ||
| Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) or bourneville disease | 174 | ||
| Neuroimaging Abnormalities in TSC | 176 | ||
| Cortical tubers (intracranial hamartomas) | 176 | ||
| Subependymal nodules or subependymal hamartomas | 176 | ||
| Sub ependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGA) | 178 | ||
| Cerebral white matter radial migration lines | 179 | ||
| Von hippel-lindau disease (VHL) | 179 | ||
| Neuroimaging Abnormalities in VHL | 179 | ||
| Central nervous system hemangioblastomas | 179 | ||
| Retinal HB | 182 | ||
| Endolymphatic sac tumors | 183 | ||
| Sturge-weber syndrome (SWS) or encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis | 183 | ||
| Neuroimaging abnormalities in SWS | 185 | ||
| Cowden disease | 185 | ||
| Summary | 185 | ||
| References | 186 | ||
| Imaging of Cerebral Ischemia | 193 | ||
| Key points | 193 | ||
| Introduction | 193 | ||
| Reason for consultation | 194 | ||
| Pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia | 194 | ||
| Imaging of ischemia | 195 | ||
| Imaging modalities in the assessment of ischemia | 195 | ||
| Angiographic assessment of vascular lesions | 197 | ||
| Perfusion imaging | 200 | ||
| Nuclear neuroimaging | 202 | ||
| Imaging the sequelae of ischemia: evolution and repair | 202 | ||
| Ischemic disorders, the continuum from acute to chronic | 204 | ||
| References | 206 | ||
| Imaging and Decision-Making in Neurocritical Care | 211 | ||
| Key points | 211 | ||
| Introduction | 211 | ||
| Neurocritical care disorders | 211 | ||
| Imaging modalities—relevance to the specific disorders | 212 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury | 212 | ||
| MRI | 212 | ||
| DTI | 214 | ||
| MRS | 215 | ||
| PET | 216 | ||
| SAH | 217 | ||
| HIE | 219 | ||
| ICH | 220 | ||
| References | 221 | ||
| Novel Multimodality Imaging Techniques for Diagnosis and Evaluation of Arteriovenous Malformations | 225 | ||
| Key points | 225 | ||
| Introduction | 226 | ||
| Incidence and natural history | 226 | ||
| Novel imaging modalities | 226 | ||
| Whole-Brain CT Angiography and Perfusion Imaging | 226 | ||
| Dynamic MR Angiography | 227 | ||
| Digital Subtraction Angiography | 228 | ||
| Parametric imaging | 228 | ||
| Assessment of rupture risk | 231 | ||
| Intraoperative imaging | 233 | ||
| Summary | 234 | ||
| References | 234 | ||
| Neurologic Applications of Whole-Brain Volumetric Multidetector Computed Tomography | 237 | ||
| Key points | 237 | ||
| Introduction | 237 | ||
| Ischemic stroke | 240 | ||
| CT Perfusion in Stroke | 240 | ||
| Perfusion maps | 240 | ||
| Whole-brain perfusion | 241 | ||
| Dynamic Three-Dimensional Angiography | 242 | ||
| Carotid artery occlusion | 244 | ||
| Evaluation of cerebrovascular reserve | 247 | ||
| Moyamoya Disease | 248 | ||
| In-stent Stenosis | 249 | ||
| Summary | 250 | ||
| References | 250 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance–Guided Focused Ultrasound | 253 | ||
| Key points | 253 | ||
| Introduction | 253 | ||
| History of brain FUS | 254 | ||
| TcMRgFUS of brain tumors | 256 | ||
| Targeted drug delivery | 260 | ||
| Neuromodulation | 263 | ||
| Summary | 264 | ||
| References | 265 | ||
| Index | 271 |