BOOK
The Impact of Obesity and Nutrition on Chronic Liver Diseases, An Issue of Clinics in Liver Disease, E-Book
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Internationally renowned experts present topics related to obesity, nutrition, and liver disease in this issue. In the first article, the epidemiology of obesity and its association with liver disease are covered. The following two articles focus on the roles that visceral adipose tissue and microbiota potentially play in the pathogenesis of obesity-related liver disease. The next article focuses on the hepatic pathology seen in patients with obesity-related liver disease and those with malnutrition. The next five articles are focused on NAFLD and provide in-depth data on the natural history and treatment strategies for patients with NAFLD. The next six articles deal with the impact of obesity on other liver diseases and on special populations including children and liver-transplant recipients. The final article provides the most updated information regarding genomics and genetic targets that may provide better prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and more personalized treatment targets for patients with NAFLD. Cutting-edge information in this issue will help readers gain better understanding of the natural history and pathogenesis of primary and secondary liver diseases associated with obesity. As the information about obesity-related liver disease expands, clinicians will be able to provide more targeted therapeutic options for these patients and develop more accurate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Consulting Editor | iii | ||
| Editor | iii | ||
| Authors | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Obesity and Liver Diseasexiii | vii | ||
| Obesity and Liver Disease: The Epidemic of the Twenty-First Century1 | vii | ||
| Obesity-Associated Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease19 | vii | ||
| The Impact of Obesity on Liver Histology33 | vii | ||
| New Potential Pathways for the Pathogenesis of NAFLD | vii | ||
| Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ41 | vii | ||
| Obesity and NAFLD: The Role of Bacteria and Microbiota59 | viii | ||
| Treatment | viii | ||
| The Role of Medications for the Management of Patients with NAFLD73 | viii | ||
| The Role of Diet and Nutritional Intervention for the Management of Patients with NAFLD91 | viii | ||
| Role of Exercise in Optimizing the Functional Status of Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease113 | ix | ||
| Surgical Management of Obesity in Patients with Morbid Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease129 | ix | ||
| Obesity, Nutrition, and Other Liver Diseases | ix | ||
| The Impact of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome on Chronic Hepatitis C147 | ix | ||
| The Impact of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome on Alcoholic Liver Disease157 | ix | ||
| The Impact of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome on Chronic Hepatitis B and Drug-Induced Liver Disease165 | x | ||
| Special Topics | x | ||
| Nutrition in Cirrhosis and Chronic Liver Disease179 | x | ||
| Obesity and Liver Cancer191 | x | ||
| Impact of Nutrition and Obesity on Chronic Liver Disease205 | x | ||
| Obesity, Nutrition, and Liver Disease in Children219 | xi | ||
| The Interactions of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Diseases233 | xi | ||
| Host Genetic Variants in Obesity-Related Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease249 | xi | ||
| Obesity and Liver Disease | xiii | ||
| Obesity and Liver Disease | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| Challenges in obesity | 2 | ||
| Prevalence of obesity | 3 | ||
| Obesity-related morbidity and mortality | 3 | ||
| Pathophysiology of obesity | 4 | ||
| Role of the GI Tract in Energy Homeostasis | 4 | ||
| Bile Acids | 5 | ||
| Microbiota | 5 | ||
| The Liver and Weight Regulation | 6 | ||
| Obesity and liver disease | 6 | ||
| NAFLD | 6 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 7 | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 7 | ||
| Cirrhosis and Decompensated Liver Disease | 8 | ||
| Treatment of obesity | 8 | ||
| Lifestyle-Based Therapy | 8 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 10 | ||
| Bariatric Surgery | 13 | ||
| Summary | 14 | ||
| References | 14 | ||
| Obesity-Associated Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 19 | ||
| Key points | 19 | ||
| Introduction | 19 | ||
| Prevalence and incidence of obesity-associated NAFLD | 21 | ||
| Worldwide differences in obesity-associated NAFLD | 23 | ||
| Clinical correlations | 24 | ||
| Summary | 25 | ||
| References | 26 | ||
| The Impact of Obesity on Liver Histology | 33 | ||
| Key points | 33 | ||
| Normal liver and nonspecific or physiologic steatosis | 33 | ||
| Obesity-related steatosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | 34 | ||
| Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis | 35 | ||
| Cryptogenic cirrhosis | 37 | ||
| Primary hepatic neoplasms—hepatocellular adenoma and hepatocellular carcinoma | 38 | ||
| References | 38 | ||
| Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ | 41 | ||
| Key points | 41 | ||
| Introduction | 41 | ||
| Visceral fat composition | 42 | ||
| Adipokines and cytokines derived from visceral fat | 44 | ||
| Hypoxia | 45 | ||
| Hepcidin | 45 | ||
| H1F1 | 48 | ||
| Mitochondrial Dysfunction | 48 | ||
| Inflammation | 49 | ||
| Insulin resistance | 50 | ||
| Hormone imbalances | 51 | ||
| Summary | 52 | ||
| References | 52 | ||
| Obesity and NAFLD | 59 | ||
| Key points | 59 | ||
| Introduction | 59 | ||
| Gut microbiota and obesity | 60 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Microbiota-associated Obesity | 61 | ||
| Gut microbiota and NAFLD | 62 | ||
| Pathophysiologic Basis of NAFLD | 62 | ||
| Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and intestinal permeability | 63 | ||
| Innate immunity, TLRs, and inflammasomes | 64 | ||
| Impaired choline metabolism | 65 | ||
| Altered bile acid metabolism | 66 | ||
| Endogenous ethanol | 66 | ||
| Probiotics, Antibiotics, and Prebiotics in Obesity and NAFLD | 66 | ||
| Summary | 67 | ||
| References | 67 | ||
| The Role of Medications for the Management of Patients with NAFLD | 73 | ||
| Key points | 73 | ||
| Introduction | 73 | ||
| Insulin sensitizers | 74 | ||
| Metformin | 74 | ||
| Glitazones (Thiazolidinediones) | 76 | ||
| Lipid-lowering drugs, antioxidant and hepatoprotective agents | 77 | ||
| Statins | 77 | ||
| Ezetimibe | 78 | ||
| Fibrates | 78 | ||
| Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids | 79 | ||
| Orlistat | 79 | ||
| Vitamin E | 79 | ||
| Pentoxifylline | 80 | ||
| Sylibin | 80 | ||
| Bile acids and derivatives | 80 | ||
| Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) | 80 | ||
| New areas of research | 81 | ||
| Obeticholic Acid and Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists | 82 | ||
| Incretin Mimetics | 82 | ||
| PPAR-δ Agonists | 82 | ||
| PPAR-α/δ Agonists | 83 | ||
| Endocannabinoids (Cannabinoid Receptor Blockers Type 1 and Type 2 (CB1 and CB2)) | 83 | ||
| Drugs Modulating the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) | 83 | ||
| Lysyl Oxidase-Like-2 Inhibitory Monoclonal Antibody | 84 | ||
| Summary | 84 | ||
| References | 84 | ||
| The Role of Diet and Nutritional Intervention for the Management of Patients with NAFLD | 91 | ||
| Key points | 91 | ||
| Introduction | 91 | ||
| Weight loss: the main target of diet intervention | 92 | ||
| Macronutrient effects in NAFLD | 96 | ||
| Low-CHO Versus a Low-Fat Diet | 96 | ||
| Glycemic Index and Fructose | 98 | ||
| Lipids: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly | 99 | ||
| Is a High-Protein Diet Good for NAFLD? | 100 | ||
| Role of micronutrients, antioxidants, and fiber | 101 | ||
| Practical approaches to nutritional intervention in NAFLD | 105 | ||
| Summary | 106 | ||
| References | 107 | ||
| Role of Exercise in Optimizing the Functional Status of Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 113 | ||
| Key points | 113 | ||
| Introduction | 113 | ||
| Definitions: function, activity, and exercise | 114 | ||
| Function and NAFLD | 115 | ||
| Exercise for NAFLD | 117 | ||
| Diet and exercise | 119 | ||
| Behavioral considerations supporting adoption of therapeutic exercise and healthy eating | 120 | ||
| Summary and recommendations | 123 | ||
| References | 123 | ||
| Surgical Management of Obesity in Patients with Morbid Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 129 | ||
| Key points | 129 | ||
| Introduction | 129 | ||
| Laparoscopic bariatric-metabolic surgery | 130 | ||
| Indications | 130 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 133 | ||
| Procedure Choice | 133 | ||
| The established benefits BM surgery | 133 | ||
| BM surgery in patients with NAFLD | 133 | ||
| Studies Examining Paired Liver Biopsies | 136 | ||
| Procedure-specific Concerns | 140 | ||
| BM Surgery in Patients with Cirrhosis | 140 | ||
| BM Surgery Complements Established Therapy | 141 | ||
| Future direction | 141 | ||
| References | 141 | ||
| The Impact of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome on Chronic Hepatitis C | 147 | ||
| Key points | 147 | ||
| Introduction | 147 | ||
| Definitions | 148 | ||
| HCV and IR | 149 | ||
| HCV and steatosis | 150 | ||
| HCV and other components of the metabolic syndrome | 151 | ||
| HCV and the metabolic syndrome: does it matter? | 151 | ||
| Summary | 153 | ||
| References | 153 | ||
| The Impact of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome on Alcoholic Liver Disease | 157 | ||
| Key points | 157 | ||
| Epidemiology of ALD | 157 | ||
| Spectrum of ALD | 157 | ||
| Obesity on the progression of ALD | 158 | ||
| Obesity and metabolic syndrome on the mortality of ALD | 159 | ||
| Obesity and alcohol on hepatic carcinogenesis | 160 | ||
| Diabetes on the progression of ALD | 160 | ||
| Clinical management and future direction | 160 | ||
| Summary | 161 | ||
| References | 161 | ||
| The Impact of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome on Chronic Hepatitis B and Drug-Induced Liver Disease | 165 | ||
| Key points | 165 | ||
| Chronic hepatitis B | 165 | ||
| Prevalence and determinants of steatosis in patients with CHB | 165 | ||
| Molecular mechanisms and factors associated with steatosis in patients with CHB | 167 | ||
| Impact of steatosis and metabolic cofactors on the severity of liver injury and disease outcomes | 169 | ||
| Role of Steatosis | 169 | ||
| Role of IR and Metabolic Factors | 169 | ||
| Impact on therapeutic outcomes | 170 | ||
| Summary | 171 | ||
| Drug-induced liver disease | 171 | ||
| Idiosyncratic DILI | 172 | ||
| Intrinsic DILI | 172 | ||
| Acetaminophen | 172 | ||
| Methotrexate | 173 | ||
| Anesthetic drugs | 173 | ||
| Summary | 174 | ||
| References | 174 | ||
| Nutrition in Cirrhosis and Chronic Liver Disease | 179 | ||
| Key points | 179 | ||
| Introduction | 179 | ||
| Prevalence | 180 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 180 | ||
| Poor nutrient intake | 180 | ||
| Impaired digestion, absorption, and metabolism | 181 | ||
| Nutritional assessment | 181 | ||
| Nutritional recommendations | 184 | ||
| Summary | 187 | ||
| References | 188 | ||
| Obesity and Liver Cancer | 191 | ||
| Key points | 191 | ||
| Introduction | 191 | ||
| Obesity and hepatocellular carcinoma | 192 | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma and obesity in the setting of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | 194 | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic liver with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | 195 | ||
| Obesity as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma arising in chronic liver disease of different etiology | 197 | ||
| Mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma carcinogenesis in obesity | 197 | ||
| Summary | 200 | ||
| References | 200 | ||
| Impact of Nutrition and Obesity on Chronic Liver Disease | 205 | ||
| Key points | 205 | ||
| Introduction | 205 | ||
| Role of the liver in nutrient metabolism | 206 | ||
| Malnutrition and chronic liver disease | 206 | ||
| Obesity and chronic liver disease | 209 | ||
| Assessment of nutritional status | 211 | ||
| General management strategies for poor nutritional status in chronic liver disease | 211 | ||
| Summary | 212 | ||
| References | 212 | ||
| Obesity, Nutrition, and Liver Disease in Children | 219 | ||
| Key points | 219 | ||
| Scope of the problem | 219 | ||
| Epidemiology of Obesity | 219 | ||
| Comorbid Conditions | 220 | ||
| Nonalcoholic or Metabolic Fatty Liver Disease | 220 | ||
| Evaluation of obesity in children | 220 | ||
| Evaluation of NAFLD in children | 221 | ||
| Serum Biomarkers | 221 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 222 | ||
| Liver Biopsy | 223 | ||
| Treatment | 223 | ||
| Goals | 223 | ||
| Interventions for Obesity | 224 | ||
| Family-based behavioral treatment | 224 | ||
| Dietary | 225 | ||
| Pharmacologic | 225 | ||
| Interventions for NAFLD | 226 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic | 226 | ||
| Pharmacologic | 226 | ||
| Insulin-sensitizing agents | 226 | ||
| Hepatoprotective, antioxidant therapy | 227 | ||
| Summary | 227 | ||
| References | 227 | ||
| The Interactions of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Diseases | 233 | ||
| Key points | 233 | ||
| NAFLD and surrogate markers of atherosclerosis | 234 | ||
| NAFLD and mortality | 235 | ||
| NAFLD and CV events | 236 | ||
| Possible mechanisms linking NAFLD and CVD | 241 | ||
| Framingham score to predict CVD in patients with NAFLD | 243 | ||
| Summary | 243 | ||
| References | 243 | ||
| Host Genetic Variants in Obesity-Related Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | 249 | ||
| Key points | 249 | ||
| Introduction | 249 | ||
| Genetic association studies | 251 | ||
| Genetic variants associated with NAFLD | 251 | ||
| Polymorphisms in Genes Involved in the Synthesis, Storage, and Export of Hepatic Triglyceride | 251 | ||
| Microsomal triglyceride transport protein | 252 | ||
| Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase | 252 | ||
| Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 | 253 | ||
| Other gene variants | 253 | ||
| Polymorphism in Genes Influencing Lipid Metabolism | 254 | ||
| Apolipoprotein C-III | 254 | ||
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha | 254 | ||
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g coactivator 1-alpha | 255 | ||
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma | 255 | ||
| Lipin1 | 255 | ||
| Fatty Acid Transport Protein 5 | 256 | ||
| Beta-adrenergic receptor | 256 | ||
| Polymorphisms in Genes Involved in Adipogenesis, Appetite Regulation, Fibrosis, Oxidative Load, and Inflammation | 257 | ||
| Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase | 257 | ||
| Tumor necrosis factor α | 258 | ||
| Transforming growth factor beta 1 and angiotensin II | 258 | ||
| Leptin receptor | 259 | ||
| Adiponectin | 259 | ||
| Human hemochromatosis protein | 260 | ||
| Summary | 261 | ||
| References | 261 | ||
| Index | 269 | ||
| A | 269 | ||
| B | 270 | ||
| C | 270 | ||
| D | 271 | ||
| E | 271 | ||
| F | 272 | ||
| G | 272 | ||
| H | 272 | ||
| I | 273 | ||
| L | 274 | ||
| M | 274 | ||
| N | 275 | ||
| O | 277 | ||
| P | 278 | ||
| R | 279 | ||
| S | 279 | ||
| T | 279 | ||
| U | 279 | ||
| V | 279 | ||
| W | 280 |