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Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Radiologic Clinics will focus on the essentials of thoracic imaging. Topics include lung cancer screening and staging systems, radiation dose techniques, nodule characterization, PET/CT in the thorax, MDCT and MR evaluation of thoracic aorta, pulmonary emboli and perfusion imaging, interstital pneumonias, emphysema and airway imaging, post-operative chest, and thoracic infections in the immunocompromised host.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Consulting Editor | iii | ||
| Editor | iii | ||
| Authors | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Prefacexiii | vii | ||
| Radiation Dose Optimization and Thoracic Computed Tomography1 | vii | ||
| PET/CT in the Thorax: Pitfalls17 | vii | ||
| Lung Cancer Screening with Low-Dose Computed Tomography27 | vii | ||
| Nodule Characterization: Subsolid Nodules47 | vii | ||
| The Clinical Staging of Lung Cancer Through Imaging: A Radiologist’s Guide to the Revised Staging System and Rationale for ... | viii | ||
| Imaging the Post-Thoracotomy Patient: Anatomic Changes and Postoperative Complications85 | viii | ||
| The Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias: An Update and Review105 | viii | ||
| Thoracic Infections in Immunocompromised Patients121 | viii | ||
| Multidetector Computed Tomographic Imaging in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Emphysema and Airways Assessment137 | ix | ||
| Congenital Lung Anomalies in Children and Adults: Current Concepts and Imaging Findings155 | ix | ||
| New Insights in Thromboembolic Disease183 | ix | ||
| Thoracic Aorta (Multidetector Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Evaluation)195 | ix | ||
| Program Objective | x | ||
| Target Audience | x | ||
| Learning Objectives | x | ||
| Accreditation | x | ||
| Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest | x | ||
| Unapproved/Off-Label Use Disclosure | xi | ||
| To Enroll | xi | ||
| Method of Participation | xi | ||
| CME Inquiries/Special Needs | xi | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Radiation Dose Optimization and Thoracic Computed Tomography | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| Techniques for dose reduction | 2 | ||
| Conventional techniques for dose reduction | 2 | ||
| Making Indication-Specific Protocols | 2 | ||
| Number of Scanning Passes | 2 | ||
| Optimal Patient Centering | 2 | ||
| Step-and-Shoot Versus Helical Scanning | 3 | ||
| Tube Current | 3 | ||
| AEC | 5 | ||
| Tube Potential | 6 | ||
| Scan Length | 6 | ||
| Gantry Rotation Time | 7 | ||
| Scan Pitch and Detector Collimation | 7 | ||
| Image Noise Reduction Filters | 7 | ||
| Contemporary techniques | 8 | ||
| Iterative Reconstruction Techniques | 8 | ||
| Automatic Tube Potential Selection | 11 | ||
| High-Pitch Scanning | 11 | ||
| Organ-Based Dose Modulation | 12 | ||
| Summary | 12 | ||
| References | 12 | ||
| PET/CT in the Thorax | 17 | ||
| Key points | 17 | ||
| Introduction | 17 | ||
| Technical artifacts | 18 | ||
| Physiologic FDG uptake | 18 | ||
| Striated Muscle | 19 | ||
| Brown Fat | 19 | ||
| PET negative malignancy | 20 | ||
| False-positive FDG uptake | 21 | ||
| Infection and Inflammation | 21 | ||
| Iatrogenic | 23 | ||
| Summary | 24 | ||
| References | 24 | ||
| Lung Cancer Screening with Low-Dose Computed Tomography | 27 | ||
| Key points | 27 | ||
| Introduction | 27 | ||
| Guidelines for lung cancer screening | 29 | ||
| Who should be screened? | 29 | ||
| CT scanning techniques | 31 | ||
| Nodule measurement and characterization | 32 | ||
| Growth Rates of Nodules | 35 | ||
| Management of patients | 36 | ||
| Incidental findings | 37 | ||
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 37 | ||
| Coronary Artery Calcification | 40 | ||
| Other Cancers | 40 | ||
| Reporting results | 41 | ||
| Barriers to screening | 42 | ||
| Financial Costs | 42 | ||
| Risks Associated with CT Screening | 42 | ||
| Radiation exposure | 42 | ||
| Overdiagnosis | 43 | ||
| Smoking Behaviors | 43 | ||
| False positives | 43 | ||
| Summary | 44 | ||
| References | 44 | ||
| Nodule Characterization | 47 | ||
| Key points | 47 | ||
| Definitions and terminology | 47 | ||
| Epidemiology | 48 | ||
| Etiology | 48 | ||
| Transient Subsolid Nodules | 48 | ||
| Persistent Subsolid Nodules | 48 | ||
| Lung adenocarcinoma: new revised histologic classification | 49 | ||
| Extrathoracic metastases | 50 | ||
| Inflammatory etiologies | 51 | ||
| CT technique | 52 | ||
| CT characterization | 54 | ||
| Size, Internal Characteristics, and Associated Findings | 54 | ||
| Nodule Attenuation | 55 | ||
| Nodule Measurement, Growth, and Follow-up | 58 | ||
| Role of PET-CT and transthoracic/transbronchial biopsy | 59 | ||
| Management of subsolid nodules | 60 | ||
| Surgical Resection | 62 | ||
| Summary | 62 | ||
| References | 62 | ||
| The Clinical Staging of Lung Cancer Through Imaging | 69 | ||
| Key points | 69 | ||
| Introduction | 69 | ||
| IASLC population and methodology | 70 | ||
| T classification | 70 | ||
| N classification | 74 | ||
| M classification | 75 | ||
| SCLC | 75 | ||
| Bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors | 77 | ||
| Changes to the staging system | 77 | ||
| Role of imaging in lung cancer | 77 | ||
| Summary | 82 | ||
| References | 82 | ||
| Imaging the Post-Thoracotomy Patient | 85 | ||
| Key points | 85 | ||
| Introduction | 85 | ||
| Pulmonary resection | 85 | ||
| Partial Lung Resection | 86 | ||
| Pneumonectomy | 86 | ||
| Early post-thoracotomy complications | 88 | ||
| Postpneumonectomy Pulmonary Edema | 88 | ||
| Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 90 | ||
| Pneumonia | 92 | ||
| Bronchopleural Fistula | 93 | ||
| Empyema | 93 | ||
| Hemothorax | 94 | ||
| Lobar Torsion | 95 | ||
| Cardiac Herniation | 96 | ||
| Late post-thoracotomy complications | 97 | ||
| Postpneumonectomy Syndrome | 97 | ||
| Pulmonary Artery Stump Thrombosis | 99 | ||
| Late Bronchopleural Fistula and Empyema | 99 | ||
| Gossypiboma | 100 | ||
| Summary | 101 | ||
| References | 101 | ||
| The Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias | 105 | ||
| Key points | 105 | ||
| Introduction | 105 | ||
| Multidisciplinary approach | 105 | ||
| Chronic fibrosing interstitial lung disease | 108 | ||
| UIP | 108 | ||
| NSIP | 111 | ||
| Smoking-related interstitial pneumonias | 112 | ||
| RB and RB-ILD | 112 | ||
| DIP | 113 | ||
| Acute and subacute interstitial pneumonias | 114 | ||
| COP | 114 | ||
| AIP | 114 | ||
| Rare interstitial pneumonias | 115 | ||
| LIP | 115 | ||
| IPPFE | 116 | ||
| Summary | 117 | ||
| References | 117 | ||
| Thoracic Infections in Immunocompromised Patients | 121 | ||
| Key points | 121 | ||
| Introduction | 121 | ||
| Type of immune defects and specific patient population | 122 | ||
| Hematological malignancies and blood stem cell transplantation | 122 | ||
| Preengraftment Period (Days 0–30) | 122 | ||
| Early Posttransplantation Period (Days 31–100) | 123 | ||
| Late Posttransplantation Period (Beyond Day 100) | 123 | ||
| Lung transplant | 123 | ||
| Bacterial Pneumonia | 124 | ||
| Viral Pneumonia | 124 | ||
| Fungal Pneumonia | 125 | ||
| HIV infection | 126 | ||
| Bacterial Pneumonia | 126 | ||
| Pneumocystis Pneumonia | 127 | ||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria | 127 | ||
| Fungal Infections Other than PJP | 128 | ||
| Viral and Parasitic Infections | 128 | ||
| Solid organ transplant | 128 | ||
| Bacterial Pneumonia | 129 | ||
| Viral Pneumonia | 129 | ||
| Fungal Pneumonia | 130 | ||
| Radiologic manifestations | 131 | ||
| Fungal Pneumonia | 131 | ||
| Aspergillosis | 131 | ||
| Candidiasis | 131 | ||
| Cryptococcosis (C neoformans) | 131 | ||
| Pneumocystis pneumonia | 132 | ||
| Bacterial Pneumonia | 132 | ||
| Nocardiosis | 132 | ||
| M tuberculosis | 132 | ||
| Nontuberculous mycobacteria | 132 | ||
| Viral Pneumonia | 133 | ||
| Summary | 133 | ||
| References | 133 | ||
| Multidetector Computed Tomographic Imaging in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 137 | ||
| Key points | 137 | ||
| Introduction | 137 | ||
| CT Imaging in COPD | 138 | ||
| CT technique | 138 | ||
| CT in Emphysema | 140 | ||
| Definitions | 140 | ||
| CT findings in emphysema | 141 | ||
| CT and qualitative (subjective) assessment of emphysema | 141 | ||
| CT and quantitative (objective) assessment of emphysema | 143 | ||
| Factors influencing CT densitometry | 144 | ||
| End-inspiratory and end-expiratory CT acquisition in emphysema | 144 | ||
| Clinical importance of CT emphysema assessment and quantification | 145 | ||
| Airway Imaging in COPD | 145 | ||
| Definition and pathologic changes | 145 | ||
| Qualitative (subjective) assessment of airways | 145 | ||
| Quantitative (objective) assessment of airways | 145 | ||
| Trachea and COPD | 147 | ||
| Imaging in classification of COPD | 148 | ||
| COPD and systemic inflammation | 148 | ||
| Summary | 148 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 149 | ||
| References | 149 | ||
| Congenital Lung Anomalies in Children and Adults | 155 | ||
| Key points | 155 | ||
| Introduction | 155 | ||
| Current concepts regarding the underlying causes of congenital lung anomalies | 156 | ||
| Imaging techniques | 156 | ||
| Plain Radiographs | 156 | ||
| US | 157 | ||
| Prenatal US | 157 | ||
| Postnatal US | 157 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 157 | ||
| MR Imaging | 158 | ||
| Prenatal MR imaging | 158 | ||
| Postnatal MR imaging | 159 | ||
| Imaging spectrum of congenital lung anomalies | 159 | ||
| Vascular Anomalies | 159 | ||
| Pulmonary arterial anomalies | 159 | ||
| Pulmonary agenesis, aplasia, and hypoplasia | 159 | ||
| Proximal interruption of the pulmonary artery | 161 | ||
| Pulmonary artery sling | 161 | ||
| Pulmonary venous anomalies | 163 | ||
| Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return | 163 | ||
| Pulmonary varix | 164 | ||
| Pulmonary vein stenosis | 165 | ||
| Combined pulmonary arterial and venous anomaly | 165 | ||
| Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation | 165 | ||
| Parenchymal Anomalies | 167 | ||
| Congenital bronchial atresia | 167 | ||
| Foregut duplication cyst | 167 | ||
| CLH | 169 | ||
| CPAM | 171 | ||
| Combination of Vascular and Parenchymal Anomalies | 174 | ||
| Pulmonary sequestration | 174 | ||
| Hypogenetic lung syndrome (scimitar syndrome) | 177 | ||
| Summary | 178 | ||
| References | 178 | ||
| New Insights in Thromboembolic Disease | 183 | ||
| Key points | 183 | ||
| Introduction | 183 | ||
| Diagnostic approach | 183 | ||
| Detection of Peripheral Clots | 184 | ||
| Are All Clots Equally Important on a Chest CT Angiographic Examination? | 184 | ||
| Practical aspects for risk stratification on CT examinations | 185 | ||
| Right Ventricular Dysfunction | 185 | ||
| Pulmonary Vascular Obstruction | 186 | ||
| New saving options | 187 | ||
| Savings in Radiation Dose | 187 | ||
| Savings in Contrast Material | 188 | ||
| Pulmonary embolism from pregnancy to young adulthood | 189 | ||
| Pulmonary Embolism in Pregnancy | 189 | ||
| Pulmonary Embolism in Children | 190 | ||
| Summary | 190 | ||
| References | 190 | ||
| Thoracic Aorta (Multidetector Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Evaluation) | 195 | ||
| Key points | 195 | ||
| Introduction | 195 | ||
| Normal anatomy and variations | 196 | ||
| CT | 196 | ||
| Multidetector CT Technology and Electrocardiographic Gating | 196 | ||
| CTA | 197 | ||
| Iodinated Contrast Material Considerations | 197 | ||
| Dual-Energy CT Scanning | 198 | ||
| Newer CT Image Reconstruction Techniques | 198 | ||
| Radiation Considerations | 198 | ||
| Supplemental Image Evaluation | 199 | ||
| Centerline vessel analysis | 199 | ||
| Maximum intensity projection, volume rendering, and multiplanar reformatted images | 199 | ||
| Postprocessing for transcatheter aortic valve replacement | 200 | ||
| MR imaging | 201 | ||
| Black Blood Imaging | 201 | ||
| Bright Blood Imaging | 201 | ||
| Flow Mapping | 201 | ||
| Gadolinium-Enhanced MRA | 203 | ||
| Unenhanced MRA | 204 | ||
| Novel Use of Aortic MR Imaging Techniques | 204 | ||
| Imaging findings of disease | 204 | ||
| Classic Double-Barrel Dissection | 204 | ||
| IMH | 205 | ||
| PAU | 208 | ||
| Aneurysm | 208 | ||
| Trauma | 210 | ||
| Aortitis | 211 | ||
| Postoperative Imaging | 212 | ||
| Aortic Malignancy | 213 | ||
| Practice patterns | 213 | ||
| Summary | 213 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 213 | ||
| References | 213 | ||
| Index | 219 | ||
| A | 219 | ||
| B | 219 | ||
| C | 219 | ||
| D | 220 | ||
| E | 220 | ||
| F | 220 | ||
| G | 221 | ||
| H | 221 | ||
| I | 221 | ||
| L | 221 | ||
| M | 222 | ||
| N | 222 | ||
| O | 223 | ||
| P | 223 | ||
| R | 224 | ||
| S | 224 | ||
| T | 224 | ||
| U | 225 | ||
| V | 225 |