BOOK
Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases E-Book
Sarah S. Long | Larry K. Pickering | Charles G. Prober
(2012)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Disease provides the comprehensive and actionable coverage you need to understand, diagnose, and manage the ever-changing, high-risk clinical problems caused by pediatric infectious diseases. With new chapters, expanded and updated coverage, and increased worldwide perspectives, this authoritative medical reference offers the latest need-to-know information in an easily-accessible, high-yield format for quick answers and fast, effective intervention!
- Spend less time searching thanks to a consistent, easily-accessible format featuring revised high-yield information boxes, highlighted key points, and an abundance of detailed illustrations and at-a-glance tables.
- Be prepared for the unexpected! A veritable "who's who" of global authorities provides practical knowledge to effectively diagnose and manage almost any infectious disease you may encounter.
- Quickly look up the answers you need by clinical presentation, pathogen, or type of host.
- Get expanded coverage for all types of infectious diseases including new chapters on infection related to pets and exotic animals, and tickborne infections.
- Apply the latest recommendations and treatments for emerging and re-emerging diseases including the H1N1 virus.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Disease | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Acknowledgments | vi | ||
| Dedication | vi | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Table of Contents | xxi | ||
| I Understanding, Controlling, and Preventing Infectious Diseases | 1 | ||
| A Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases | 1 | ||
| 1 Principles of Epidemiology and Public Health | 1 | ||
| Descriptive Epidemiology | 1 | ||
| Surveillance | 1 | ||
| Case Definition | 1 | ||
| Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value | 1 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 1 | ||
| Describing Illness by Person, Place, and Time | 2 | ||
| Analytic Epidemiology | 2 | ||
| Study Design | 2 | ||
| Cohort Studies | 3 | ||
| Cross-Sectional Studies | 3 | ||
| Case-Control Studies | 4 | ||
| Causal Inference and the Impact of Bias | 4 | ||
| Statistical Analysis | 5 | ||
| Characteristics of Populations and Samples | 5 | ||
| Absolute and Relative Measures of Association | 5 | ||
| Statistical Significance | 5 | ||
| Sample Size | 6 | ||
| Statistical Inference | 6 | ||
| Vaccine Efficacy Studies | 7 | ||
| Disease Control and Public Health Policy | 7 | ||
| Outbreak Investigations | 7 | ||
| Impact and Economic Analysis of Disease Prevention | 8 | ||
| Evaluating the Medical Literature | 9 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 9 | ||
| References | 9.e1 | ||
| 2 Pediatric Infection Prevention and Control | 9 | ||
| Risk Factors for HAIs in Children | 10 | ||
| Host or Intrinsic Factors | 10 | ||
| Sources or Extrinsic Factors | 10 | ||
| Devices. | 10 | ||
| Practices. | 12 | ||
| Antimicrobial selective pressure. | 12 | ||
| Transmission | 12 | ||
| Modes | 12 | ||
| Healthcare Personnel | 13 | ||
| Environment | 13 | ||
| Pathogens | 13 | ||
| Prevention | 14 | ||
| Administrative Factors | 15 | ||
| The IPC Team | 15 | ||
| Surveillance | 16 | ||
| Isolation Precautions | 17 | ||
| Standard Precautions | 17 | ||
| Transmission-Based Precautions | 18 | ||
| Environmental Measures | 18 | ||
| Visitation Policies | 19 | ||
| Pets | 19 | ||
| Disinfection, Sterilization, and Removal of Infectious Waste | 21 | ||
| Occupational Health | 21 | ||
| Special Concerns of Healthcare Personnel | 21 | ||
| Infection Prevention and Control in the Ambulatory Setting | 24 | ||
| References | 24.e1 | ||
| 3 Infections Associated with Group Childcare | 24 | ||
| Childcare Arrangements | 24 | ||
| Epidemiology and Etiology of Infections | 24 | ||
| Enteric Infections | 24 | ||
| Rotavirus | 26 | ||
| Hepatitis A Virus | 26 | ||
| Respiratory Tract Infections | 27 | ||
| Influenza | 28 | ||
| Invasive Bacterial Infection | 28 | ||
| Viral Infections | 28 | ||
| Echovirus | 28 | ||
| Parvovirus B19 | 28 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 29 | ||
| Bloodborne Viral Pathogens | 29 | ||
| Skin Infection and Infestation | 29 | ||
| Varicella Zoster | 29 | ||
| Herpes Simplex | 30 | ||
| Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus | 30 | ||
| Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | 30 | ||
| Infections Associated With Animals | 30 | ||
| Antibiotic Use and Resistance Patterns | 31 | ||
| Infectious Diseases in Adults | 31 | ||
| Economic Impact of Group Childcare Illness | 31 | ||
| Prevention | 31 | ||
| References | 32.e1 | ||
| 4 Infectious Diseases in Refugee and Internationally Adopted Children | 32 | ||
| Guidelines for Evaluation | 33 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 33 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 33 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 34 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-2 Infection | 34 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 34 | ||
| Enteric Infections | 35 | ||
| Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) | 36 | ||
| Syphilis | 36 | ||
| Other Testing | 36 | ||
| Other Infections | 36 | ||
| Dermatologic Infections | 36 | ||
| Upper Respiratory Tract Infections | 36 | ||
| Other Less Common Infections | 36 | ||
| Preventive Measures | 36 | ||
| Immunizations | 36 | ||
| Refugee children. | 36 | ||
| International adoptees. | 36 | ||
| References | 37.e1 | ||
| B Prevention of Infectious Diseases | 37 | ||
| 5 Passive Immunization | 37 | ||
| Immune Globulin (Human) | 38 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 38 | ||
| Measles | 38 | ||
| Rubella | 38 | ||
| Specific Immune Globulins for Intramuscular Administration | 38 | ||
| Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HBIG) | 38 | ||
| Human Rabies Immune Globulin (HRIG) | 39 | ||
| Tetanus Immune Globulin (TIG) | 39 | ||
| Varicella-Zoster Immune Globulin (VariZIG) | 39 | ||
| Immune Globulin Intravenous (Human) (Igiv) | 39 | ||
| Approved Indications | 40 | ||
| Primary Immune Deficiencies | 40 | ||
| Secondary Immune Deficiencies | 40 | ||
| Immunomodulation | 40 | ||
| Immune thrombocytopenic purpura. | 40 | ||
| Kawasaki disease. | 41 | ||
| Bone marrow transplantation. | 41 | ||
| Other Uses | 41 | ||
| Toxic shock syndrome. | 41 | ||
| Neonates. | 41 | ||
| Parvovirus B19. | 41 | ||
| Immune-mediated cytopenias. | 41 | ||
| Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS). | 41 | ||
| Specific Immune Globulins for Intravenous Administration | 41 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus Immune Globulin (CMV-IGIV) | 41 | ||
| Botulism Immune Globulin (BIG-IV) | 42 | ||
| Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG-IV) | 42 | ||
| Monoclonal Antibodies | 42 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Products Prepared from Animal Plasma | 42 | ||
| Adverse Reactions to Immune Globulins Prepared from Human Plasma | 42 | ||
| Infusion-Related Reactions | 42 | ||
| Interference with Active Immunization | 43 | ||
| Transmission of Infectious Agents | 43 | ||
| Product Shortages | 43 | ||
| The Future | 44 | ||
| References | 44.e1 | ||
| 6 Active Immunization | 44 | ||
| Immunization and Vaccines | 44 | ||
| Vaccine Content | 44 | ||
| Types of Vaccines | 45 | ||
| Immunologic Basis of Response to Vaccines | 45 | ||
| Immune Response to Active Immunization | 45 | ||
| Determinants of Response | 46 | ||
| Sites of Administration | 46 | ||
| Host Factors | 46 | ||
| Measurement of Response | 46 | ||
| Vaccine Licensure and Approval | 47 | ||
| Principles of Immunization Programs | 47 | ||
| Disease Reduction | 47 | ||
| Immunization Coverage | 47 | ||
| Vaccine Administration | 48 | ||
| Vaccine Schedules | 48 | ||
| Vaccine Spacing | 48 | ||
| Simultaneous Administration | 48 | ||
| Spacing of Antibody-Containing Products and Vaccines | 48 | ||
| Interchangeability of Vaccines | 48 | ||
| Vaccine Safety and Compensation for Vaccine Injury | 52 | ||
| Studies of Vaccine Safety | 52 | ||
| Monitoring of Vaccine Safety | 53 | ||
| Reporting System for Adverse Events after Immunization | 53 | ||
| Vaccination in Special Situations | 53 | ||
| Infants Who Weigh Less Than 2000 Grams | 53 | ||
| Pregnant Women | 53 | ||
| Immunocompromised People | 54 | ||
| International Travelers | 54 | ||
| Immigrants | 54 | ||
| International Adoptees | 54 | ||
| Other Programmatic Issues | 54 | ||
| Clinical Practice Guidelines for Child and Adolescent Immunization | 56 | ||
| Vaccine Shortages | 56 | ||
| Handling and Storage of Vaccines | 56 | ||
| Vaccine Financing | 56 | ||
| Surveillance for Vaccine-Preventable Diseases and Adverse Events | 57 | ||
| Routine Childhood and Adolescent Vaccines | 57 | ||
| Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids, and Pertussis Vaccines | 57 | ||
| Recommendations for DTaP Immunization for Children <7 Years of Age | 57 | ||
| Precautions and Contraindications | 58 | ||
| Recommendations for Tdap Immunization for Adolescents 11 through 18 Years of Age | 58 | ||
| Contraindications, Precautions, and Reasons to Defer Tdap or Td among Adolescents 11 through 18 Years of Age | 58 | ||
| Special Situations for Tdap (Single-Dose) and Td Use among Adolescents 11 through 18 Years of Age | 58 | ||
| Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccines | 58 | ||
| II Clinical Syndromes and Cardinal Features of Infectious Diseases: Approach to Diagnosis and Initial Management | 97 | ||
| A Septicemia, Toxin- and Inflammation-Mediated Syndromes | 97 | ||
| 11 The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), Sepsis, and Septic Shock | 97 | ||
| Definitions | 97 | ||
| Etiology | 97 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 98 | ||
| Clinical and Laboratory Findings | 99 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 99 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 99 | ||
| Management | 99 | ||
| Antimicrobial Therapy | 99 | ||
| Supportive Care | 99 | ||
| Endotoxin Physiology and Antiendotoxin Therapy | 100 | ||
| Cytokine Physiology and Anticytokine Therapy | 100 | ||
| Immunoparalysis | 100 | ||
| Arachidonic Acid Metabolism and Inhibitor Therapy | 100 | ||
| Immune Globulin Intravenous (IGIV) Therapy | 100 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 100 | ||
| Anticoagulant Therapies | 102 | ||
| Therapies Targeting the Endothelium | 102 | ||
| Nitric Oxide Balance | 102 | ||
| Innate Immune Responses and Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) | 102 | ||
| Future Considerations | 103 | ||
| References | 103.e1 | ||
| 12 Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis and Macrophage Activation Syndrome | 103 | ||
| Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis | 103 | ||
| Etiology and Incidence | 103 | ||
| Primary HLH | 103 | ||
| Secondary HLH | 104 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 104 | ||
| Clinical and Radiologic Features | 105 | ||
| Systemic Manifestations | 105 | ||
| CNS Manifestations | 105 | ||
| HLH in the Fetus and Neonate | 105 | ||
| Laboratory and Pathologic Findings | 105 | ||
| General | 105 | ||
| Clinical Immunology | 106 | ||
| Pathology | 106 | ||
| Evaluation for Infectious Diseases | 106 | ||
| Diagnosis | 106 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 107 | ||
| Treatment | 107 | ||
| General | 107 | ||
| Immunosuppression and Chemotherapy | 107 | ||
| Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | 107 | ||
| Prognosis | 107 | ||
| Macrophage Activation Syndrome | 107 | ||
| References | 107.e1 | ||
| B Cardinal Symptom Complexes | 108 | ||
| 13 Mucocutaneous Symptom Complexes | 108 | ||
| Specific Distinguishing Characteristics | 108 | ||
| Fever and Prodrome | 108 | ||
| Conjunctiva | 108 | ||
| Lips | 111 | ||
| Oropharynx | 111 | ||
| Exanthem | 111 | ||
| Extremity Changes | 112 | ||
| Evolution and Resolution | 112 | ||
| Other Clinical Features and Cardinal Feature | 113 | ||
| Diagnosis and Empiric Therapy | 113 | ||
| References | 114.e1 | ||
| 14 Fever without Localizing Signs | 114 | ||
| Etiologic Agents | 114 | ||
| Epidemiology | 114 | ||
| Children Younger than 3 Months | 114 | ||
| Children 3 Months and Older | 115 | ||
| Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis | 115 | ||
| Management | 115 | ||
| Children Younger than 3 Months | 115 | ||
| Children Older than 3 Months | 116 | ||
| Other Considerations | 116 | ||
| References | 117.e1 | ||
| 15 Prolonged, Recurrent, and Periodic Fever Syndromes | 117 | ||
| Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO) | 117 | ||
| Definition and Approach | 117 | ||
| Etiology | 118 | ||
| Prolonged Insignificant Fever, Prolonged Illness with Resolved Fever, Fatigue of Deconditioning | 121 | ||
| Recurrent, Periodic, and Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes | 121 | ||
| Recurrent Fever | 121 | ||
| Periodic Fever Syndromes | 121 | ||
| Periodic Fever, Aphthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis, and Cervical Adenitis (PFAPA) | 122 | ||
| Epidemiology and Cardinal Clinical Features | 122 | ||
| Treatment and Outcome | 123 | ||
| Cyclic Neutropenia | 123 | ||
| Epidemiology and Etiology | 123 | ||
| Cardinal Clinical Features | 123 | ||
| Course, Treatment, and Outcome | 124 | ||
| Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes | 124 | ||
| Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) | 124 | ||
| Epidemiology and Etiology | 124 | ||
| Cardinal Clinical Features | 124 | ||
| III Etiologic Agents of Infectious Diseases | 673 | ||
| A Bacteria | 673 | ||
| 114 Classification of Bacteria | 673 | ||
| Identification By Phenotypic Characteristics | 673 | ||
| Identification By Molecular Techniques | 674 | ||
| References | 675.e1 | ||
| Gram-Positive Cocci | 675 | ||
| 115 Staphylococcus aureus | 675 | ||
| Microbiology and Pathogenesis | 675 | ||
| Capsule and Cell Wall | 676 | ||
| Surface Proteins | 676 | ||
| Toxins | 676 | ||
| Genetic Basis and Regulation of Pathogenicity Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance | 676 | ||
| Epidemiology | 677 | ||
| Colonization | 677 | ||
| Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) | 677 | ||
| Community-Associated MRSA Infections | 677 | ||
| Vancomycin-Intermediate S. aureus (VISA) and Vancomycin-Resistant S. aureus (VRSA) Infections | 678 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 678 | ||
| Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections | 678 | ||
| Impetigo | 678 | ||
| Abscess | 678 | ||
| Cellulitis | 678 | ||
| Wound Infection | 678 | ||
| Ocular Infections | 679 | ||
| Invasive Infections | 679 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 679 | ||
| Diskitis | 680 | ||
| Pyogenic Arthritis | 680 | ||
| Abscesses of Muscle and Viscera | 680 | ||
| Upper Respiratory Tract Infections | 680 | ||
| Head and Neck Infections | 680 | ||
| Tracheitis | 681 | ||
| Lower Respiratory Tract Infections | 681 | ||
| Pneumonia | 681 | ||
| Lung Abscess | 681 | ||
| Cardiovascular Infections | 681 | ||
| Endocarditis | 681 | ||
| Pericarditis | 683 | ||
| Suppurative Phlebitis and Septic Thrombophlebitis | 683 | ||
| Central Nervous System Infections | 683 | ||
| Meningitis | 683 | ||
| Brain Abscess | 683 | ||
| Spinal Epidural Abscess | 684 | ||
| Device-Related Infections | 684 | ||
| Indwelling Vascular Catheters | 684 | ||
| CSF Shunt Devices | 684 | ||
| Toxin-Mediated Syndromes | 684 | ||
| Staphylococcal Food Poisoning | 684 | ||
| Staphylococcal Scalded-Skin Syndrome (SSSS) | 684 | ||
| Toxic Shock Syndrome | 685 | ||
| Severe Sepsis Syndrome | 685 | ||
| Management | 686 | ||
| Antistaphylococcal Agents | 686 | ||
| β-Lactam Antibiotics | 686 | ||
| Clindamycin | 686 | ||
| Vancomycin | 686 | ||
| Linezolid | 687 | ||
| Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) | 687 | ||
| Tetracyclines (including Tigecycline) | 687 | ||
| Quinupristin-Dalfopristin | 687 | ||
| Daptomycin | 687 | ||
| Telavancin | 688 | ||
| Rifampin | 688 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 688 | ||
| Empiric Therapy for Community-Associated Infections | 688 | ||
| Empiric Therapy for MRSA Infections Requiring Hospitalization | 688 | ||
| Prevention | 689 | ||
| Vaccine Development | 689 | ||
| References | 689.e1 | ||
| 116 Staphylococcus epidermidis and Other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci | 689 | ||
| Description of the Pathogen | 690 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 690 | ||
| Epidemiology | 691 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 691 | ||
| Bloodstream Infection and Intravascular Catheter-Related Infection Outside the Newborn Period | 691 | ||
| Neonatal Septicemia | 692 | ||
| Neonatal Focal Intestinal Perforation and Necrotizing Enterocolitis | 692 | ||
| Endocarditis | 692 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infections and Meningitis | 693 | ||
| Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter-Associated Peritonitis | 693 | ||
| Urinary Tract Infection | 693 | ||
| Miscellaneous Infections | 693 | ||
| Antibiotic Treatment | 693 | ||
| Prevention | 694 | ||
| Other Coagulase-Negative Micrococcaceae | 694 | ||
| References | 695.e1 | ||
| 117 Classification of Streptococci | 695 | ||
| References | 697.e1 | ||
| 118 Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) | 698 | ||
| Description of Pathogen | 698 | ||
| Microbiology | 698 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Virulence | 699 | ||
| Immunologic Response | 699 | ||
| Suppurative Infections | 699 | ||
| Epidemiology | 699 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations or Clinical Syndromes | 700 | ||
| Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis | 701 | ||
| Treatment | 701 | ||
| Prevention | 702 | ||
| Complications | 702 | ||
| Acute Rheumatic Fever | 702 | ||
| Epidemiology | 702 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 703 | ||
| Clinical Features | 703 | ||
| Major Manifestations | 703 | ||
| Migratory Polyarthritis | 703 | ||
| Carditis | 703 | ||
| Chorea | 703 | ||
| Erythema Marginatum | 704 | ||
| Subcutaneous Nodules | 704 | ||
| Minor Manifestations | 704 | ||
| Recent Streptococcal Infection | 704 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 704 | ||
| Treatment | 704 | ||
| Secondary Prevention | 704 | ||
| Prognosis | 705 | ||
| Acute Glomerulonephritis | 705 | ||
| Epidemiology | 705 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Pathology | 705 | ||
| Clinical Features | 705 | ||
| Laboratory Findings | 705 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 706 | ||
| Prevention | 706 | ||
| Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (Pandas) | 706 | ||
| Poststreptococcal Reactive Arthritis | 706 | ||
| References | 707.e1 | ||
| 119 Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) | 707 | ||
| Description Of The Pathogen | 707 | ||
| Microbiology | 707 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Virulence | 707 | ||
| Immunity | 708 | ||
| Epidemiology | 708 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 708 | ||
| Early-Onset Infection | 708 | ||
| Late-Onset Infection | 708 | ||
| Late, Late-Onset Infection | 709 | ||
| Laboratory Findings And Diagnosis | 709 | ||
| Treatment | 709 | ||
| Special Considerations | 710 | ||
| Prognosis | 710 | ||
| Recurrent Infection | 710 | ||
| Prevention | 710 | ||
| References | 712.e1 | ||
| 120 Enterococcus Species | 712 | ||
| Description Of The Pathogen | 713 | ||
| Epidemiology | 713 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 713 | ||
| Neonatal Infections | 713 | ||
| Infections in Older Children | 714 | ||
| Treatment | 714 | ||
| β-Lactam Resistance | 714 | ||
| Aminoglycoside Resistance | 715 | ||
| Vancomycin Resistance | 715 | ||
| Other Antibiotics | 715 | ||
| Treatment Strategies | 715 | ||
| Prevention | 715 | ||
| References | 716.e1 | ||
| 121 Viridans Streptococci, Abiotrophia and Granulicatella Species, and Streptococcus bovis | 716 | ||
| Description of the Pathogen | 716 | ||
| Speciation | 716 | ||
| Virulence Properties | 717 | ||
| Epidemiology | 717 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 717 | ||
| Endocarditis | 717 | ||
| Bacteremia and Septicemia | 717 | ||
| Other Infections | 718 | ||
| Treatment | 718 | ||
| Prevention | 719 | ||
| References | 719.e1 | ||
| 122 Groups C and G Streptococci | 719 | ||
| Description Of The Pathogens | 720 | ||
| Speciation | 720 | ||
| Virulence Properties | 720 | ||
| Epidemiology | 720 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 720 | ||
| Therapy | 721 | ||
| References | 721.e1 | ||
| 123 Streptococcus pneumoniae | 721 | ||
| Description of the Pathogen | 721 | ||
| Microbiology | 721 | ||
| Pathogenesis and Virulence | 721 | ||
| Immunity | 722 | ||
| Epidemiology | 722 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 723 | ||
| Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis | 723 | ||
| Treatment | 724 | ||
| Antimicrobial Susceptibility | 724 | ||
| Antimicrobial Therapy | 725 | ||
| Acute Otitis Media | 725 | ||
| Meningitis | 725 | ||
| Pneumonia | 726 | ||
| Prognosis | 726 | ||
| Prevention | 726 | ||
| Vaccine | 726 | ||
| Passive Immunoprophylaxis | 728 | ||
| Chemoprophylaxis | 728 | ||
| Prevention of Disease in Contacts | 728 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 728 | ||
| References | 728.e1 | ||
| 124 Other Gram-Positive, Catalase-Negative Cocci | 729 | ||
| Description Of Pathogens | 729 | ||
| Epidemiology | 729 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 729 | ||
| Leuconostoc Species | 729 | ||
| Pediococcus Species | 729 | ||
| Other Genera | 729 | ||
| Therapy | 730 | ||
| References | 730.e1 | ||
| Gram-Negative Cocci | 730 | ||
| 125 Neisseria meningitidis | 730 | ||
| Microbiology | 730 | ||
| Virulence and Pathogenesis | 731 | ||
| Immunity | 731 | ||
| Epidemiology | 732 | ||
| Factors Influencing Disease Susceptibility and Severity | 733 | ||
| Susceptibility | 733 | ||
| Severity | 733 | ||
| Transmission and Colonization | 733 | ||
| Outbreaks | 734 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 734 | ||
| Diagnosis | 736 | ||
| Metabolic and Hematologic Abnormalities | 736 | ||
| Treatment | 736 | ||
| Antimicrobial Agents | 736 | ||
| Adjunctive Therapy | 737 | ||
| Emergency Management | 737 | ||
| Outcome | 737 | ||
| Mortality | 737 | ||
| Postinfectious Inflammatory Syndromes | 738 | ||
| Sequelae | 738 | ||
| Prevention | 738 | ||
| Management of Contacts | 738 | ||
| Immunization | 739 | ||
| Polysaccharide Vaccines | 739 | ||
| Conjugate Vaccines | 740 | ||
| References | 741.e1 | ||
| 126 Neisseria gonorrhoeae | 741 | ||
| Microbiology, Immunology and Pathogenesis | 741 | ||
| Epidemiology | 742 | ||
| Antibiotic Resistance | 743 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 743 | ||
| Perinatal Infections | 743 | ||
| Ophthalmia Neonatorum | 743 | ||
| Other Perinatal Infections Including Systemic Infection | 744 | ||
| Mucosal Infections in Children, Adolescents, and Adults | 744 | ||
| Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI) | 744 | ||
| Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis | 744 | ||
| Gram Stain | 744 | ||
| Culture | 745 | ||
| Nonculture Tests | 745 | ||
| Treatment | 745 | ||
| Management Considerations | 745 | ||
| Perinatal Infections | 746 | ||
| Mucosal Infections in Adolescents and Adults | 746 | ||
| Alternative Regimens | 747 | ||
| Disseminated Infection Including Meningitis and Endocarditis in Adolescents and Adults | 747 | ||
| Childhood Infections | 747 | ||
| Special Considerations | 747 | ||
| Prevention and Control | 747 | ||
| Ocular Prophylaxis | 747 | ||
| Partner and Expedited Partner Therapy for STI | 748 | ||
| Screening as Prevention | 748 | ||
| Vaccination | 748 | ||
| References | 748.e1 | ||
| 127 Other Neisseria Species | 748 | ||
| Microbiology and Laboratory Diagnosis | 748 | ||
| Epidemiology | 749 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 749 | ||
| Neisseria bacilliformis. | 749 | ||
| Neisseria cinerea. | 749 | ||
| Neisseria elongata. | 749 | ||
| Neisseria flavescens. | 749 | ||
| Neisseria lactamica. | 750 | ||
| Neisseria mucosa. | 750 | ||
| Neisseria polysaccharea. | 750 | ||
| Neisseria sicca. | 750 | ||
| Neisseria subflava. | 750 | ||
| Neisseria weaveri. | 750 | ||
| Special Considerations and Prevention | 750 | ||
| References | 750.e1 | ||
| Gram-Positive Bacilli | 750 | ||
| 128 Arcanobacterium haemolyticum | 750 | ||
| Epidemiology | 750 | ||
| Microbiology | 750 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 751 | ||
| Diagnosis | 751 | ||
| Treatment | 751 | ||
| References | 751.e1 | ||
| 129 Bacillus Species (Anthrax) | 751 | ||
| Bacillus Anthracis | 752 | ||
| Bacillus Cereus | 753 | ||
| Bacillus Subtilis and Other Bacillus Species | 754 | ||
| References | 754.e1 | ||
| 130 Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 754 | ||
| Etiology | 754 | ||
| Epidemiology | 755 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 755 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 755 | ||
| Respiratory Tract Diphtheria | 755 | ||
| Cutaneous Diphtheria | 756 | ||
| Infection at Other Sites | 756 | ||
| Toxic Myocardiopathy | 756 | ||
| Toxic Neuropathy | 756 | ||
| Management | 757 | ||
| Patients | 757 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 757 | ||
| Antitoxin | 757 | ||
| Antimicrobial Therapy | 757 | ||
| Other Measures | 757 | ||
| Exposed Persons | 758 | ||
| Asymptomatic Case Contacts | 758 | ||
| Asymptomatic Carriers | 758 | ||
| Prevention | 758 | ||
| Vaccine Preparations | 758 | ||
| Schedules | 758 | ||
| Children from 6 Weeks through 6 Years of Age | 758 | ||
| Persons 7 Years of Age or Older | 758 | ||
| Children in Whom Pertussis Immunization is Contraindicated | 759 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 759 | ||
| References | 759.e1 | ||
| 131 Other Corynebacteria | 759 | ||
| Corynebacterium Jeikeium | 762 | ||
| Other Corynebacterium Species | 762 | ||
| References | 762.e1 | ||
| 132 Listeria monocytogenes | 762 | ||
| Description of the Pathogen | 762 | ||
| Epidemiology | 763 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 763 | ||
| Immunity | 764 | ||
| Clinical Syndromes | 764 | ||
| Infection in Pregnancy | 764 | ||
| Neonatal Infection | 764 | ||
| Bacteremia | 765 | ||
| Central Nervous System Infection | 765 | ||
| Meningitis | 765 | ||
| Brainstem Encephalitis (Rhombencephalitis) | 765 | ||
| Brain Abscess | 765 | ||
| Endocarditis | 765 | ||
| Localized Infection | 765 | ||
| Febrile Gastroenteritis | 765 | ||
| Diagnosis | 766 | ||
| Treatment | 766 | ||
| Prevention | 766 | ||
| References | 767.e1 | ||
| 133 Other Gram-Positive Bacilli | 767 | ||
| Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae | 767 | ||
| Microbiology | 767 | ||
| Epidemiology | 767 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 767 | ||
| Diagnosis | 768 | ||
| IV Laboratory Diagnosis and Therapy of Infectious Diseases | 1373 | ||
| A The Clinician and the Laboratory | 1373 | ||
| 286 Laboratory Diagnosis of Infection Due to Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites, and Rickettsiae | 1373 | ||
| Bacteria | 1373 | ||
| Collection and Processing of Clinical Specimens | 1373 | ||
| Specimen-Specific Isolation Methods | 1373 | ||
| Blood | 1373 | ||
| Specimen collection. | 1373 | ||
| Media. | 1374 | ||
| Incubation. | 1374 | ||
| Special pathogens and situations. | 1374 | ||
| Urine | 1376 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid | 1376 | ||
| Specimen collection and processing. | 1376 | ||
| Respiratory Tract | 1377 | ||
| Specimen collection. | 1377 | ||
| Rapid tests for Gas. | 1377 | ||
| Special specimens. | 1377 | ||
| Burkholderia cepacia. | 1377 | ||
| Bordetella species. | 1377 | ||
| Synovial and Peritoneal Fluid | 1377 | ||
| Special Pathogens | 1378 | ||
| Clostridium difficile | 1378 | ||
| Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing | 1378 | ||
| Standard Media and Test Conditions | 1378 | ||
| Susceptibility Test Methods | 1378 | ||
| Pathogen- and Mechanism-Specific Testing | 1380 | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus. | 1380 | ||
| S. pneumoniae. | 1380 | ||
| Extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenemase. | 1380 | ||
| β-Lactamase. | 1381 | ||
| Enterococci. | 1381 | ||
| Fastitious bacteria. | 1381 | ||
| Mycobacteria. | 1381 | ||
| Antigen Detection Assays | 1381 | ||
| Fungi | 1381 | ||
| Collection and Processing of Clinical Specimens | 1381 | ||
| Isolation and Identification | 1382 | ||
| Culture | 1382 | ||
| Antigen Detection | 1382 | ||
| Antifungal Susceptibility Testing | 1382 | ||
| Parasites | 1382 | ||
| Examination of Feces | 1382 | ||
| Collection and Preservation | 1382 | ||
| Examination | 1383 | ||
| Special Pathogens | 1383 | ||
| Detection of Gastric-Duodenal Pathogens | 1383 | ||
| Helicobacter pylori. | 1383 | ||
| Parasites and protozoa. | 1383 | ||
| Tissue Specimens | 1383 | ||
| Blood Smears | 1384 | ||
| Rickettsiae | 1384 | ||
| Immunoserology | 1384 | ||
| Newer Technologies | 1384 | ||
| References | 1384.e1 | ||
| 287 Laboratory Diagnosis of Infection Due to Viruses, Chlamydia, Chlamydophila, and Mycoplasma | 1384 | ||
| Viruses | 1384 | ||
| Specimen Collection and Transport | 1385 | ||
| Virus Detection Methods | 1385 | ||
| Virus Isolation | 1385 | ||
| Antigen Detection | 1386 | ||
| Electron Microscopy | 1386 | ||
| Nucleic Acid Detection | 1386 | ||
| Choice of Virus Detection Method | 1387 | ||
| Serologic Methods | 1387 | ||
| Optimal Tests for Specific Viruses | 1388 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus | 1388 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 1388 | ||
| Epstein–Barr Virus | 1393 | ||
| Varicella-Zoster Virus | 1393 | ||
| Human Herpesvirus Types 6, 7, and 8 | 1393 | ||
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus | 1394 | ||
| Influenza Viruses | 1394 | ||
| Other Respiratory Viruses | 1394 | ||
| Hepatitis Viruses | 1394 | ||
| Gastroenteritis Viruses | 1395 | ||
| Enteroviruses | 1395 | ||
| Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (Mmr) | 1395 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 1396 | ||
| Arboviruses | 1397 | ||
| Parvovirus B19 | 1397 | ||
| Other Viruses | 1397 | ||
| Congenital and Perinatal Viral Infections | 1397 | ||
| Chlamydia and Chlamydophila | 1398 | ||
| Chlamydia trachomatis | 1398 | ||
| Specimen Collection and Transport | 1398 | ||
| Laboratory Test Methods | 1398 | ||
| Comparison of Methods | 1399 | ||
| Chlamydophila pneumoniae | 1399 | ||
| Mycoplasma | 1399 | ||
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 1399 | ||
| Genital Mycoplasmas | 1399 | ||
| References | 1399.e1 | ||
| 288 Laboratory Manifestations of Infectious Diseases | 1400 | ||
| Acute-Phase Response | 1400 | ||
| Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | 1400 | ||
| Physiology and Measurement | 1400 | ||
| Elevated Sedimentation Rate | 1400 | ||
| Extreme Elevation of the Sedimentation Rate | 1402 | ||
| Low Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | 1402 | ||
| C-Reactive Protein | 1402 | ||
| Subject Index | 1547 | ||
| A | 1547 | ||
| B | 1560 | ||
| C | 1569 | ||
| D | 1589 | ||
| E | 1593 | ||
| F | 1602 | ||
| G | 1606 | ||
| H | 1610 | ||
| I | 1625 | ||
| J | 1632 | ||
| K | 1633 | ||
| L | 1634 | ||
| M | 1640 | ||
| N | 1650 | ||
| O | 1657 | ||
| P | 1660 | ||
| Q | 1675 | ||
| R | 1675 | ||
| S | 1681 | ||
| T | 1696 | ||
| U | 1703 | ||
| V | 1705 | ||
| W | 1710 | ||
| X | 1711 | ||
| Y | 1711 | ||
| Z | 1711 |