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Book Details
Abstract
Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, by Drs. S. Terry Canale and James H. Beaty, continues to define your specialty, guiding you through when and how to perform every state-of-the-art procedure that's worth using. With hundreds of new procedures, over 7,000 new illustrations, a vastly expanded video collection, and new evidence-based criteria throughout, it takes excellence to a new level...because that is what your practice is all about.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader with intuitive search tools and adjustable font sizes. Elsevier eBooks provide instant portable access to your entire library, no matter what device you're using or where you're located.
- Achieve optimal outcomes with step-by-step guidance on today's full range of procedures from Campbell’s Operative Orthopaedics - the most trusted and widely used resource in orthopedic surgery - authored by Drs. S. Terry Canale, James H. Beaty, and 42 other authorities from the world-renowned Campbell Clinic.
- Access the complete contents online with regular updates, view all the videos, and download all the illustrations at www.expertconsult.com.
- See how to proceed better than ever before with 45 surgical videos demonstrating hip revision, patellar tendon allograft preparation, open reduction internal fixation clavicle fracture, total shoulder arthroplasty, total elbow arthroplasty, and more - plus over 7,000 completely new step-by-step illustrations and photos commissioned especially for this edition.
- Make informed clinical choices for each patient, from diagnosis and treatment selection through post-treatment strategies and management of complications, with new evidence-based criteria throughout.
- Utilize the very latest approaches in hip surgery including hip resurfacing, hip preservation surgery, and treatment of hip pain in the young adult; and get the latest information on metal-on-metal hips so you can better manage patients with these devices.
- Improve your total joint arthroplasty outcomes by reviewing the long-term data for each procedure; and consider the pros and cons of new developments in joint implant technology, including "customized" implants and their effect on patient outcomes.
- Implement new practices for efficient patient management so you can accommodate the increasing need for high-quality orthopaedic care in our aging population.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| e9780323072434v1 | 1 | ||
| Front cover | 1 | ||
| Endsheet for VOLUME I | 2 | ||
| Expert Consult page | 4 | ||
| Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics | 5 | ||
| Copyright page | 8 | ||
| In Memory | 9 | ||
| Dedicatoion | 9 | ||
| Contributors | 11 | ||
| Preface | 13 | ||
| Table of Contents | 15 | ||
| Video Contents | 19 | ||
| I General Principles | 21 | ||
| 1 Surgical Techniques and Approaches | 22 | ||
| Surgical Techniques | 23 | ||
| Tourniquets | 23 | ||
| Radiographs in the Operating Room | 25 | ||
| Positioning of the Patient | 26 | ||
| Local Preparation of the Patient | 26 | ||
| Wound Irrigating Solutions | 27 | ||
| Draping | 27 | ||
| Draping the Edges of the Incision | 28 | ||
| Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission | 28 | ||
| Preventing Mistakes | 29 | ||
| Special Operative Techniques | 29 | ||
| Methods of tendon-to-Bone Fixation | 29 | ||
| Fixation of Tendon to Bone | 29 | ||
| Tendon Fixation into the Intramedullary Canal | 30 | ||
| Tendon to Bone Fixation Using Locking Loop Suture | 30 | ||
| Fixation of Tendon to Bone Using Wire Suture | 30 | ||
| Fixation of Osseous Attachment of Tendon to Bone | 32 | ||
| Bone Grafting | 32 | ||
| Structure of Bone Grafts | 33 | ||
| Sources of Bone Grafts | 33 | ||
| Autogenous Grafts | 33 | ||
| Allogenic Grafts | 33 | ||
| Heterogeneous Grafts | 33 | ||
| Bone Bank | 33 | ||
| Cancellous Bone Graft Substitutes | 34 | ||
| Indications for Various Bone Graft Techniques | 34 | ||
| Onlay Cortical Grafts | 34 | ||
| Inlay Grafts | 35 | ||
| Multiple Cancellous Chip Grafts | 35 | ||
| Hemicylindrical Grafts | 35 | ||
| Whole-Bone Transplant | 35 | ||
| Conditions Favorable for Bone Grafting | 37 | ||
| Preparation of Bone Grafts | 37 | ||
| Removal of a Tibial Graft | 37 | ||
| Removal of Fibular Grafts | 38 | ||
| Cancellous Iliac Crest Bone Grafts | 39 | ||
| Removal of an Iliac Bone Graft | 40 | ||
| Surgical Approaches | 41 | ||
| Toes | 42 | ||
| Approach to the Interphalangeal Joints | 42 | ||
| Approaches to the Metatarsophalangeal Joint of the Great Toe | 42 | ||
| Medial Approach to the Great Toe Metatarsophalangeal Joint | 42 | ||
| Dorsomedial Approach to Great Toe Metatarsophalangeal Joint | 43 | ||
| Approach to the Lesser Toe Metatarsophalangeal Joints | 43 | ||
| Calcaneus | 43 | ||
| Medial Approach to the calcaneus | 43 | ||
| Lateral Approach to the calcaneus | 44 | ||
| U-Shaped Approach to the calcaneus | 44 | ||
| Kocher Approach (Curved L) to the calcaneus | 45 | ||
| Tarsus and Ankle | 45 | ||
| ANTERIOR APPROACHES | 45 | ||
| Anterolateral Approach to the calcaneus | 45 | ||
| Anterior Approach to Expose the Ankle Joint and Both Malleoli | 47 | ||
| LATERAL APPROACHES TO THE TARSUS AND ANKLE | 48 | ||
| KOCHER Lateral Approach to the Tarsus and Ankle | 48 | ||
| Ollier Approach to the Tarsus | 48 | ||
| Posterolateral Approach to the Ankle | 48 | ||
| Anterolateral Approach to the Lateral Dome of the Talus | 49 | ||
| Posterior Approach to the Ankle | 50 | ||
| medial approaches to the ankle | 50 | ||
| Medial Approach to the Ankle | 50 | ||
| Medial Approach to the Posterior Lip of the Tibia | 51 | ||
| Tibia | 51 | ||
| Anterior Approach to the Tibia | 52 | ||
| Medial Approach to the Tibia | 52 | ||
| Posterolateral Approach to the Tibia | 52 | ||
| Posterior Approach to the Superomedial Region of the Tibia | 52 | ||
| Fibula | 54 | ||
| Posterolateral Approach to the Fibula | 54 | ||
| Knee | 55 | ||
| Anteromedial and Anterolateral Approaches | 55 | ||
| Anteromedial Parapatellar Approach | 55 | ||
| Subvastus (Southern) Anteromedial Approach to the knee | 56 | ||
| Anterolateral Approach to the Knee | 57 | ||
| Posterolateral and Posteromedial Approaches | 58 | ||
| Posterolateral Approach to the Knee | 59 | ||
| Posteromedial Approach to the Knee | 59 | ||
| Medial Approaches to the Knee and Supporting Structures | 59 | ||
| e9780323072434v2 | 1172 | ||
| Front cover | 1172 | ||
| Endsheet for VOLUME II | 1173 | ||
| Expert Consult page | 1176 | ||
| Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics | 1177 | ||
| Copyright page | 1180 | ||
| In Memory | 1181 | ||
| Dedicatoion | 1181 | ||
| Contributors | 1183 | ||
| Preface | 1185 | ||
| Table of Contents | 1187 | ||
| Video Contents | 1191 | ||
| IX Congenital and Developmental Disorders | 1193 | ||
| 29 Congenital Anomalies of the Lower Extremity | 1194 | ||
| Polydactyly | 1194 | ||
| Amputation of an Extra Toe | 1195 | ||
| Syndactyly | 1195 | ||
| Macrodactyly | 1196 | ||
| Ray Reduction | 1196 | ||
| Ray Amputation | 1196 | ||
| Cleft Foot (Partial Adactyly) | 1198 | ||
| CLEFT CLOSURE | 1199 | ||
| Contracture or Angulation of the Toes | 1200 | ||
| CORRECTION OF ANGULATED TOE | 1201 | ||
| Arthroplasty of the Fifth Metatarsophalangeal Joint | 1201 | ||
| Congenital Hallux Varus | 1201 | ||
| Creation of Syndactyly of the Great Toe and Second Toe for Hallux Varus | 1202 | ||
| Congenital Metatarsus Adductus | 1204 | ||
| Treatment | 1206 | ||
| Dome-Shaped Osteotomies of Metatarsal Bases | 1206 | ||
| Cuneiform and Cuboid Osteotomies | 1206 | ||
| Congenital Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus) | 1208 | ||
| Radiographic Evaluation | 1209 | ||
| Classification | 1209 | ||
| Nonoperative Treatment | 1211 | ||
| Ponseti Casting Technique for Correction of Clubfoot Deformity | 1211 | ||
| Application of Ponseti Casts | 1212 | ||
| Maintenance Phase | 1215 | ||
| Management of Recurrence | 1215 | ||
| Operative Treatment | 1215 | ||
| Transverse Circumferential (Cincinnati) Incision | 1215 | ||
| Extensile Posteromedial and Posterolateral Release | 1216 | ||
| Achilles Tendon Lengthening and Posterior Capsulotomy | 1217 | ||
| Resistant Clubfoot | 1219 | ||
| Osteotomy of the Calcaneus for Persistent Varus Deformity of the Heel | 1221 | ||
| Medial Release with Osteotomy of the Distal Calcaneus | 1221 | ||
| Selective Joint-Sparing Osteotomies for Residual Cavovarus Deformity | 1222 | ||
| Triple Arthrodesis and Talectomy for Uncorrected Clubfoot | 1223 | ||
| Triple Arthrodesis | 1224 | ||
| Talectomy | 1224 | ||
| Dorsal Bunion | 1226 | ||
| First Metatarsal Osteotomy and Tendon Transfer for Dorsal Bunion | 1226 | ||
| Congenital Vertical Talus | 1227 | ||
| Clinical and Radiographic Findings | 1227 | ||
| Treatment | 1227 | ||
| Open Reduction and Realignment of Talonavicular and Subtalar Joints | 1228 | ||
| Open Reduction and Extraarticular Subtalar Fusion | 1229 | ||
| Triple Arthrodesis | 1230 | ||
| Congenital Angular Deformities of the Leg | 1230 | ||
| Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Fibula and Tibia | 1231 | ||
| Fibula | 1231 | ||
| Tibiofibular Synostosis | 1232 | ||
| Tibia | 1232 | ||
| Classification | 1232 | ||
| Treatment | 1233 | ||
| Insertion of Williams Intramedullary Rod and Bone Grafting | 1234 | ||
| Bone Morphogenetic Protein in the Treatment of Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia | 1235 | ||
| Complications | 1235 | ||
| Stiffness of the Ankle and Hindfoot | 1235 | ||
| Refracture | 1236 | ||
| Valgus Ankle Deformity | 1236 | ||
| Tibial Shortening | 1236 | ||
| Constrictions of the Leg | 1236 | ||
| One-Stage Release of Circumferential Constricting Band | 1237 | ||
| Congenital Hyperextension and Dislocation of the Knee | 1238 | ||
| Capsular Release and Quadriceps Lengthening for Correction of Congenital Knee Dislocation | 1239 | ||
| Congenital Dislocation of the Patella | 1240 | ||
| Lateral Release and Medial Plication | 1241 | ||
| References | 1288 | ||
| Anomalies of the Toes | 1288 | ||
| Anomalies of the Foot | 1288 | ||
| Clubfoot | 1288 | ||
| Congenital Vertical Talus | 1289 | ||
| Tarsal Coalition | 1289 | ||
| Congenital Angular Deformities of the Leg and Congenital Pseudarthrosis | 1289 | ||
| Constrictions of the Leg | 1290 | ||
| Congenital Hyperextension and Dislocation of the Knee, Congenital Dislocation of the Patella | 1290 | ||
| Congenital Long Bone Deficiencies | 1290 | ||
| Limb-Length Discrepancy | 1290 | ||
| Supplemental References | 1292 | ||
| Anomalies of the Toes | 1292 | ||
| Anomalies of the Foot | 1292 | ||
| Clubfoot | 1292 | ||
| Congenital Vertical Talus | 1294 | ||
| Tarsal Coalition | 1294 | ||
| Congenital Angular Deformities of the Leg and Congenital Pseudarthrosis | 1294 | ||
| Constrictions of the Leg | 1295 | ||
| Congenital Hyperextension and Dislocation of the Knee | 1295 | ||
| Congenital Dislocation of the Patella | 1296 | ||
| Congenital Long Bone Deficiencies | 1296 | ||
| Tibial Hemimelia | 1296 | ||
| Fibular Hemimelia | 1297 | ||
| Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency | 1297 | ||
| Limb-Length Discrepancy | 1298 | ||
| Chapter30 Congenital and Developmental Anomalies of the Hip and Pelvis | 1302 | ||
| Congenital and Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip | 1302 | ||
| Diagnosis and Clinical Presentation | 1303 | ||
| Imaging | 1303 | ||
| Treatment | 1305 | ||
| Newborn (Birth to 6 Months) | 1305 | ||
| Infant (6 to 18 Months) | 1306 | ||
| Preoperative Traction | 1307 | ||
| Adductor Tenotomy | 1307 | ||
| Arthrography and Closed Reduction | 1307 | ||
| Arthrography of the Hip in DDH | 1307 | ||
| Application of a Hip Spica Cast | 1309 | ||
| Open Reduction | 1311 | ||
| Anterior Approach | 1311 | ||
| Anteromedial Approach | 1313 | ||
| Concomitant Osteotomy | 1314 | ||
| Teratological Dislocations | 1314 | ||
| Osteonecrosis | 1315 | ||
| Trochanteric Advancement | 1315 | ||
| Toddler (18 to 36 Months) | 1316 | ||
| Femoral Osteotomy in Dysplasia of the Hip | 1316 | ||
| Varus Derotational Osteotomy of the Femur in Hip Dysplasia, with Pediatric Hip Screw Fixation | 1316 | ||
| Child (3 to 8 Years) | 1318 | ||
| Primary Femoral Shortening | 1318 | ||
| PRIMARY FEMORAL SHORTENING | 1320 | ||
| Pelvic Osteotomy | 1320 | ||
| Salter Innominate Osteotomy | 1321 | ||
| INNOMINATE OSTEOTOMY INCLUDING OPEN REDUCTION | 1322 | ||
| Pemberton Acetabuloplasty | 1324 | ||
| PERICAPSULAR OSTEOTOMY OF THE ILIUM | 1324 | ||
| Steel Osteotomy | 1325 | ||
| TRIPLE INNOMINATE OSTEOTOMY | 1326 | ||
| Dega Osteotomy | 1328 | ||
| Transiliac (dega) osteotomy | 1328 | ||
| Ganz (Bernese) Periacetabular Osteotomy | 1330 | ||
| Shelf Operations | 1330 | ||
| slotted acetabular augmentation | 1331 | ||
| Chiari Osteotomy | 1332 | ||
| chiari osteotomy | 1333 | ||
| Adolescent and Young Adult (>8 Years) | 1335 | ||
| Congenital and Developmental coxa vara | 1335 | ||
| Valgus Osteotomy for Developmental Coxa Vara | 1337 | ||
| Exstrophy of the Bladder | 1337 | ||
| Anterior Iliac Osteotomies and Approximation of the Symphysis Pubis | 1337 | ||
| Bilateral Anterior Iliac Osteotomies | 1339 | ||
| References | 1339 | ||
| Congenital and Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip | 1339 | ||
| Congenital and Developmental Coxa Vara | 1341 | ||
| Exstrophy of the Bladder | 1341 | ||
| Supplemental References | 1342 | ||
| Congenital and Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip | 1342 | ||
| Congenital and Developmental Coxa Vara | 1344 | ||
| Exstrophy of the Bladder | 1344 | ||
| 31 Congenital Anomalies of the Trunk and Upper Extremity | 1346 | ||
| Congenital Elevation of the Scapula (sprengel Deformity) | 1346 | ||
| Woodward Operation | 1347 | ||
| Morcellization of the Clavicle | 1349 | ||
| Congenital Muscular Torticollis | 1349 | ||
| Unipolar Release | 1350 | ||
| Bipolar Release | 1351 | ||
| Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Clavicle | 1353 | ||
| Open Reduction and Iliac Bone Grafting for Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Clavicle | 1353 | ||
| Congenital Dislocation of the Radial Head | 1354 | ||
| Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Radius | 1355 | ||
| Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Ulna | 1355 | ||
| Congenital Radioulnar Synostosis | 1356 | ||
| Radial and Ulnar Osteotomies for Correction of Congenital Radioulnar Synostosis | 1358 | ||
| References | 1358 | ||
| Congenital Elevation of the Scapula | 1358 | ||
| Congenital Muscular Torticollis | 1359 | ||
| Congenital Pseudarthroses of the Clavicle, Radius, and Ulna | 1359 | ||
| Congenital Dislocation of the Radial Head | 1359 | ||
| Congenital Radioulnar Synostosis | 1359 | ||
| Supplemental References | 1360 | ||
| Congenital Elevation of the Scapula | 1360 | ||
| Congenital Muscular Torticollis | 1360 | ||
| Congenital Pseudarthroses of the Clavicle, Radius, and Ulna | 1360 | ||
| Congenital Dislocation of the Radial Head | 1361 | ||
| Congenital Radioulnar Synostosis | 1361 | ||
| 32 Osteochondrosis or Epiphysitis and Other Miscellaneous Affections | 1362 | ||
| Osteochondrosis or Epiphysitis | 1362 | ||
| Traction Epiphysitis of the Fifth Metatarsal Base (Iselin Disease) | 1362 | ||
| Osteochondrosis of the Metatarsal Head (Freiberg Infraction) | 1363 | ||
| Osteochondrosis of the Navicular (Köhler Disease) | 1365 | ||
| Osteochondritis of the Ankle | 1366 | ||
| Epiphysitis of the Tibial Tuberosity (Osgood-Schlatter Disease) | 1366 | ||
| Insertion of Bone Pegs into the Tibial Tuberosity for Osgood Schlatter Disease | 1366 | ||
| Excision of Ununited Tibial Tuberosity for Osgood-Schlatter Disease | 1367 | ||
| Arthroscopic Ossicle and Tibial Tuberosity Débridement for Osgood-Schlatter Disease | 1367 | ||
| Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee | 1368 | ||
| Extraarticular Drilling for Stable Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee | 1369 | ||
| Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Patella | 1370 | ||
| Osteochondrosis of the Capitellum (Osteochondritis Dissecans) | 1372 | ||
| Reconstruction of the Articular Surface with Osteochondral Plug Grafts for Osteochondrosis of the Capitellum | 1373 | ||
| Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease | 1374 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1374 | ||
| Classification | 1375 | ||
| Bilateral Involvement | 1376 | ||
| Imaging Evaluation | 1376 | ||
| Treatment | 1376 | ||
| Innominate Osteotomy | 1377 | ||
| Innominate Osteotomy for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease | 1378 | ||
| Lateral Shelf Procedure | 1378 | ||
| Lateral Shelf Procedure for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease | 1378 | ||
| Varus Derotational Osteotomy | 1379 | ||
| Varus Derotational Osteotomy of the Proximal Femur for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease | 1379 | ||
| Lateral Opening Wedge Osteotomy | 1383 | ||
| Lateral Opening Wedge Osteotomy for Legg- Calvé-Perthes Disease | 1383 | ||
| Arthrodiastasis | 1384 | ||
| Arthrodiastasis for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease | 1384 | ||
| Reconstructive Surgery | 1385 | ||
| Valgus Extension Osteotomy | 1385 | ||
| Valgus Flexion Internal Rotation Osteotomy | 1386 | ||
| Cheilectomy | 1386 | ||
| Cheilectomy for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease | 1387 | ||
| Shelf Procedure | 1387 | ||
| Chiari Osteotomy | 1387 | ||
| Trochanteric Overgrowth | 1387 | ||
| Trochanteric Advancement for Trochanteric Overgrowth | 1388 | ||
| Trochanteric Advancement for Trochanteric Overgrowth | 1390 | ||
| Greater Trochanteric Epiphysiodesis for Trochanteric Overgrowth | 1390 | ||
| Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Hip | 1390 | ||
| Hemophilia | 1391 | ||
| Total Joint Arthroplasty | 1392 | ||
| Synovectomy | 1393 | ||
| Synovectomy of the Knee in Hemophilia | 1393 | ||
| Arthroscopic Synovectomy | 1394 | ||
| Synoviorthesis for Treatment of Hemophilic Arthropathy | 1394 | ||
| Open Ankle Synovectomy | 1394 | ||
| Open Ankle Synovectomy in Hemophilia | 1394 | ||
| Arthrodesis | 1395 | ||
| Osteotomy | 1395 | ||
| Complications of Hemophilia | 1395 | ||
| Rickets, Osteomalacia, and Renal Osteodystrophy | 1395 | ||
| Tibia Vara (Blount Disease) | 1397 | ||
| Osteotomies | 1400 | ||
| Metaphyseal Osteotomy for Tibia Vara | 1401 | ||
| Chevron Osteotomy for Tibia Vara | 1403 | ||
| Epiphyseal and Metaphyseal Osteotomy for Tibia Vara | 1404 | ||
| Intraepiphyseal Osteotomy for Tibia Vara | 1406 | ||
| Hemielevation of the Epiphysis Osteotomy with Leg Lengthening Using an Ilizarov Frame for Tibia Vara | 1407 | ||
| Neurovascular Complications of High Tibial Osteotomy | 1408 | ||
| Congenital Affections | 1410 | ||
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | 1410 | ||
| Multiple Osteotomies, Realignment, and Medullary Nail Fixation | 1411 | ||
| Osteotomy and Medullary Nailing in Osteogenesis Imperfecta | 1412 | ||
| Modified Sofield-Millar Operation in the Femur and Tibia in Osteogenesis Imperfecta | 1412 | ||
| Osteotomy and Medullary Nailing with A Telescoping Rod in the Femur for Osteogenesis Imperfecta | 1413 | ||
| Modified Rod with Interlocking Obturator for Osteogenesis Imperfecta | 1414 | ||
| Osteotomy and Medullary Nailing with Trigen Nail | 1415 | ||
| Dwarfism (Short Stature) | 1416 | ||
| Tibial Lengthening Over An Intramedullary Nail with External Fixation in Dwarfism | 1417 | ||
| Traumatic Physeal Arrest from Bridge of Bone | 1418 | ||
| Bony Bridge Resection for Physeal Arrest | 1419 | ||
| Bony Bridge Resection and Angulation Osteotomy for Physeal Arrest | 1420 | ||
| Peripheral and Linear Physeal Bar Resection for Physeal Arrest | 1420 | ||
| Central Physeal Bar Resection for Physeal Arrest | 1420 | ||
| References | 1423 | ||
| Freiberg Disease; Osteochondrosis of the Ankle, Knee, and Elbow; and Osgood-Schlatter Disease | 1423 | ||
| Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease | 1425 | ||
| Hemophilia | 1426 | ||
| Rickets, Osteomalacia, and Renal Osteodystrophy | 1427 | ||
| Tibia Vara | 1427 | ||
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | 1427 | ||
| Dwarfism | 1428 | ||
| Traumatic Epiphyseal Arrest from Bridge of Bone | 1428 | ||
| Supplemental References | 1429 | ||
| Osteochondrosis and Epiphysitis | 1429 | ||
| Freiberg Disease; Osteochondrosis of the Ankle, Knee, and Elbow; and Osgood-Schlatter Disease | 1429 | ||
| Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease | 1431 | ||
| Hemophilia | 1433 | ||
| Rickets, Osteomalacia, and Renal Osteodystrophy | 1434 | ||
| Tibia Vara | 1435 | ||
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | 1436 | ||
| Dwarfism | 1437 | ||
| Traumatic Epiphyseal Arrest from Bridge of Bone | 1437 | ||
| X Nervous System Disorders in Children | 1440 | ||
| 33 Cerebral Palsy | 1441 | ||
| Etiology | 1441 | ||
| Classification | 1443 | ||
| Geographical Classification | 1443 | ||
| Monoplegia | 1443 | ||
| Hemiplegia | 1443 | ||
| Diplegia | 1443 | ||
| Quadriplegia | 1443 | ||
| Total Body | 1444 | ||
| Other Types | 1444 | ||
| Physiological Classification | 1444 | ||
| Spastic | 1445 | ||
| Athetoid | 1445 | ||
| Choreiform | 1445 | ||
| Rigid | 1445 | ||
| Ataxic | 1445 | ||
| Hypotonic | 1445 | ||
| Mixed | 1445 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1445 | ||
| Prognostic Factors | 1446 | ||
| Gait Analysis | 1446 | ||
| Associated Conditions | 1447 | ||
| Treatment | 1447 | ||
| Nonoperative Treatment | 1448 | ||
| Operative Treatment | 1449 | ||
| Neurosurgical Intervention | 1450 | ||
| Selective Posterior Rhizotomy | 1451 | ||
| Hip | 1452 | ||
| Flexion Deformities | 1453 | ||
| Adduction Deformities | 1454 | ||
| Adductor Tenotomy and Release | 1454 | ||
| Iliopsoas Recession | 1456 | ||
| Iliopsoas Release at the Lesser Trochanter | 1457 | ||
| Subluxation and Dislocation | 1457 | ||
| Varus Derotational Osteotomy | 1458 | ||
| Combined One-Stage Correction of Spastic Dislocated Hip (San Diego Procedure) | 1459 | ||
| Proximal Femoral Resection | 1461 | ||
| Hip Arthrodesis | 1462 | ||
| Knee | 1463 | ||
| Hip and Knee Relationships | 1463 | ||
| Flexion Deformity | 1463 | ||
| Fractional Lengthening of Hamstring Tendons | 1466 | ||
| Combined Hamstring Lengthening, Posterior Capsular Release | 1467 | ||
| Distal Femoral Extension Osteotomy and Patellar Tendon Advancement | 1467 | ||
| Distal Transfer of Rectus Femoris | 1467 | ||
| RECTUS FEMORIS TRANSFER | 1467 | ||
| Recurvatum of the Knee | 1469 | ||
| Knee Valgus | 1470 | ||
| Patella Alta | 1470 | ||
| Rotational Abnormalities | 1470 | ||
| Foot | 1470 | ||
| Equinus Deformity | 1471 | ||
| Surgical Correction of Equinus Deformity | 1471 | ||
| Open Lengthening of the Achilles Tendon | 1471 | ||
| Z-Plasty Lengthening of the Achilles Tendon | 1472 | ||
| Percutaneous Lengthening of the Achilles Tendon | 1473 | ||
| Lengthening of the Gastrocnemius-Soleus Muscle | 1473 | ||
| Gastrocnemius-soleus lengthening | 1473 | ||
| Varus or Valgus Deformity | 1474 | ||
| Equinovarus Deformity | 1474 | ||
| Lengthening of the Posterior Tibial Tendon | 1474 | ||
| Z-Plasty Lengthening of the Posterior Tibial Tendon | 1474 | ||
| Step-Cut Lengthening of the Posterior Tibial Tendon | 1475 | ||
| Musculotendinous Recession of the Posterior Tibial Tendon | 1475 | ||
| Split Tendon Transfers | 1475 | ||
| Split Posterior Tibial Tendon Transfer | 1475 | ||
| Split Anterior Tibial Tendon Transfer | 1476 | ||
| Osteotomy of the Calcaneus | 1477 | ||
| CALCANEAL OSTEOTOMY | 1477 | ||
| Equinovalgus Deformity | 1477 | ||
| Medial Displacement Calcaneal Osteotomy | 1479 | ||
| Subtalar Arthrodesis | 1480 | ||
| Calcaneus Deformity | 1481 | ||
| Crescentic Osteotomy of the Calcaneus | 1481 | ||
| Cavus Deformity | 1481 | ||
| Forefoot Adduction Deformity | 1482 | ||
| Correction of Flexible Forefoot Adductus | 1482 | ||
| Hallux Valgus Deformity | 1482 | ||
| Claw Toes | 1482 | ||
| Spine-Pelvic Obliquity and Scoliosis | 1482 | ||
| Upper Extremity | 1483 | ||
| Shoulder | 1484 | ||
| Elbow | 1484 | ||
| Release of Elbow Flexion Contracture | 1484 | ||
| Forearm, Wrist, and Hand | 1485 | ||
| Adults with Cerebral Palsy | 1485 | ||
| Adult Stroke Patients | 1486 | ||
| Lower Extremity | 1486 | ||
| Hip | 1487 | ||
| Knee | 1487 | ||
| Foot | 1487 | ||
| Talipes Equinus | 1487 | ||
| Talipes Equinovarus | 1487 | ||
| Correction of Talipes Equinovarus | 1487 | ||
| Varus Foot | 1488 | ||
| Planovalgus | 1488 | ||
| Toe Flexion | 1488 | ||
| Upper Extremity | 1489 | ||
| Shoulder | 1489 | ||
| Release of Internal Rotation Contracture of the Shoulder | 1489 | ||
| Elbow | 1489 | ||
| Phenol Nerve Block | 1489 | ||
| Functional Electrical Nerve Stimulation | 1490 | ||
| References | 1490 | ||
| General | 1490 | ||
| Neurosurgical Treatment | 1490 | ||
| Hip | 1491 | ||
| Knee | 1491 | ||
| Foot and Ankle | 1492 | ||
| Spine | 1492 | ||
| Upper Extremity | 1493 | ||
| Adults with Cerebral Palsy | 1493 | ||
| Supplemental References | 1494 | ||
| General | 1494 | ||
| Neurosurgical Treatment | 1495 | ||
| Hip | 1496 | ||
| Knee | 1498 | ||
| Foot and Ankle | 1498 | ||
| Spine | 1500 | ||
| Upper Extremity | 1500 | ||
| Postnatal Cerebral Palsy | 1500 | ||
| Adult Stroke Patient | 1500 | ||
| 34 Paralytic Disorders | 1502 | ||
| Poliomyelitis | 1502 | ||
| Pathological Findings | 1503 | ||
| Clinical Course and Treatment | 1503 | ||
| Acute Stage | 1503 | ||
| Convalescent Stage | 1503 | ||
| Chronic Stage | 1504 | ||
| Tendon Transfers | 1504 | ||
| Arthrodesis | 1504 | ||
| Foot and Ankle | 1505 | ||
| Tendon Transfers | 1505 | ||
| Paralysis of Specific Muscles | 1505 | ||
| Anterior Tibial Muscle. | 1505 | ||
| Anterior and Posterior Tibial Muscles. | 1506 | ||
| Posterior Tibial Muscle. | 1506 | ||
| Anterior Tibial, Toe Extensor, and Peroneal Muscles. | 1506 | ||
| Peroneal Muscles. | 1506 | ||
| Peroneal and Long Toe Extensor Muscles. | 1506 | ||
| Gastrocnemius-Soleus Muscles. | 1506 | ||
| Posterior Transfer of anterior Tibial Tendon | 1507 | ||
| Flail Foot | 1507 | ||
| Dorsal Bunion | 1507 | ||
| flexor hallucis longus transfer for Treatment of Dorsal Bunion | 1508 | ||
| Bony Procedures (Osteotomy and Arthrodesis) | 1509 | ||
| Calcaneal Osteotomy | 1509 | ||
| Dillwyn-Evans Osteotomy | 1509 | ||
| Subtalar Arthrodesis | 1509 | ||
| Subtalar Arthrodesis—grice and GREEN | 1509 | ||
| Subtalar Arthrodesis—Dennyson and Fulford | 1511 | ||
| Triple Arthrodesis | 1512 | ||
| Triple Arthrodesis | 1513 | ||
| Correction of Cavus Deformity | 1513 | ||
| Complications of Triple Arthrodesis. | 1514 | ||
| Talectomy | 1514 | ||
| Lambrinudi Arthrodesis | 1514 | ||
| Ankle Arthrodesis | 1515 | ||
| Pantalar Arthrodesis | 1515 | ||
| Tendon Transfer Techniques | 1515 | ||
| Talipes Equinovarus | 1515 | ||
| Anterior Transfer of Posterior Tibial Tendon | 1516 | ||
| Split Transfer of Anterior Tibial Tendon | 1516 | ||
| Split Transfer of the Posterior Tibial Tendon | 1517 | ||
| Talipes Cavovarus | 1517 | ||
| Talipes Equinovalgus | 1517 | ||
| Peroneal Tendon Transfer | 1518 | ||
| Peroneus Longus, Flexor Digitorum Longus, or Flexor or Extensor Hallucis Longus Tendon Transfer | 1519 | ||
| Talipes Calcaneus | 1519 | ||
| Tenodesis of the Achilles Tendon | 1520 | ||
| Posterior Transfer of Peroneus Longus, Peroneus Brevis, and Posterior Tibial Tendons | 1521 | ||
| Posterior Transfer of Posterior Tibial, Peroneus Longus, and Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendons | 1521 | ||
| Knee | 1522 | ||
| Flexion Contracture of the Knee | 1522 | ||
| Quadriceps Paralysis | 1523 | ||
| Transfer of Biceps Femoris and Semitendinosus Tendons | 1523 | ||
| Genu Recurvatum | 1524 | ||
| Osteotomy of the Tibia for Genu Recurvatum | 1524 | ||
| Soft Tissue Operations for Genu Recurvatum | 1524 | ||
| Triple Tenodesis for Genu Recurvatum | 1525 | ||
| Flail Knee | 1526 | ||
| Tibia and Femur | 1526 | ||
| Hip | 1527 | ||
| Flexion and Abduction Contractures of the Hip | 1527 | ||
| Complete Release of Hip Flexion, Abduction, and External Rotation Contracture | 1528 | ||
| Complete Release of Muscles From Iliac Wing and Transfer of Crest of Ilium | 1528 | ||
| Paralysis of the Gluteus Maximus and Medius Muscles | 1529 | ||
| Posterior Transfer of the Iliopsoas for Paralysis of the Gluteus Medius and Maximus Muscles | 1529 | ||
| Paralytic Dislocation of the Hip | 1531 | ||
| Leg-Length Discrepancy | 1531 | ||
| Total Joint Arthroplasty | 1532 | ||
| Trunk | 1532 | ||
| Pelvic Obliquity | 1532 | ||
| Treatment | 1533 | ||
| Serratus Anterior Paralysis. | 1533 | ||
| Trapezius and Levator Scapulae Paralysis. | 1533 | ||
| Paralytic Scoliosis. | 1533 | ||
| Shoulder | 1533 | ||
| Tendon and Muscle Transfers for Paralysis of the Deltoid | 1534 | ||
| Trapezius Transfer for Paralysis of Deltoid | 1535 | ||
| Transfer of Deltoid Origin for Partial Paralysis | 1536 | ||
| Tendon and Muscle Transfers for Paralysis of the Subscapularis, Suprascapularis, Supraspinatus, or Infraspinatus | 1537 | ||
| Transfer of Latissimus Dorsi or Teres Major or Both for Paralysis of Subscapularis or Infraspinatus | 1537 | ||
| Arthrodesis | 1537 | ||
| Elbow | 1537 | ||
| Muscle and Tendon Transfers to Restore Elbow Flexion | 1537 | ||
| Flexorplasty | 1538 | ||
| Anterior Transfer of the Triceps | 1538 | ||
| Transfer of the Pectoralis Major Tendon | 1539 | ||
| Transfer of the Latissimus Dorsi Muscle | 1539 | ||
| Muscle Transfers for Paralysis of the Triceps | 1541 | ||
| Posterior Deltoid Transfer (Moberg Procedure) | 1542 | ||
| Forearm | 1542 | ||
| Pronation Contracture | 1542 | ||
| Rerouting of Biceps Tendon for Supination Deformities of Forearm | 1542 | ||
| Wrist and Hand | 1543 | ||
| Myelomeningocele | 1543 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1543 | ||
| Associated Conditions | 1544 | ||
| Hydrocephalus | 1545 | ||
| Hydrosyringomyelia | 1545 | ||
| Arnold-Chiari Malformation | 1545 | ||
| Tethered Spinal Cord | 1545 | ||
| Other Spinal Abnormalities | 1545 | ||
| Urological Dysfunction | 1545 | ||
| Latex Hypersensitivity | 1545 | ||
| Miscellaneous Medical Issues | 1546 | ||
| Classification | 1546 | ||
| Orthopaedic Evaluation | 1547 | ||
| Gait Evaluation | 1548 | ||
| Principles of Orthopaedic Management | 1548 | ||
| Nonoperative Management | 1548 | ||
| Operative Management | 1549 | ||
| Foot | 1549 | ||
| Equinus Deformity | 1549 | ||
| Clubfoot | 1550 | ||
| V-O Procedure | 1551 | ||
| Varus Deformity | 1551 | ||
| Cavovarus Deformity | 1551 | ||
| Supination Deformity | 1551 | ||
| Calcaneus Deformity | 1552 | ||
| Anterolateral Release | 1552 | ||
| Transfer of the Anterior Tibial Tendon to the Calcaneus | 1552 | ||
| Hindfoot Valgus | 1553 | ||
| Vertical Talus | 1553 | ||
| Pes Cavus Deformity | 1553 | ||
| Toe Deformities | 1553 | ||
| Ankle | 1553 | ||
| Hemiepiphysiodesis of the Distal Tibial Epiphysis | 1555 | ||
| Screw Epiphysiodesis | 1555 | ||
| Supramalleolar Varus Derotation Osteotomy | 1556 | ||
| Knee | 1556 | ||
| Flexion Contracture | 1557 | ||
| Radical Flexor Release | 1557 | ||
| Extension Contracture | 1557 | ||
| Varus or Valgus Deformity | 1558 | ||
| Hip | 1559 | ||
| Flexion Contracture | 1559 | ||
| Anterior Hip Release | 1559 | ||
| Flexion-Abduction–External Rotation Contracture | 1559 | ||
| External Rotation Contracture | 1560 | ||
| Abduction Contracture | 1560 | ||
| Fascial Release | 1560 | ||
| Adduction Contracture | 1560 | ||
| Adductor Release | 1560 | ||
| Hip Subluxation and Dislocation | 1560 | ||
| Transfer of Adductors, External Oblique, and Tensor Fasciae Latae | 1561 | ||
| Proximal Femoral Resection and Interposition Arthroplasty | 1562 | ||
| Pelvic Obliquity | 1563 | ||
| Pelvic Osteotomy | 1563 | ||
| Spine | 1563 | ||
| Scoliosis | 1563 | ||
| Kyphosis | 1565 | ||
| Kyphectomy | 1565 | ||
| Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita | 1565 | ||
| Treatment | 1566 | ||
| Lower Extremity | 1566 | ||
| Upper Extremity | 1568 | ||
| Posterior Release of Elbow Extension Contracture (Tachdjian) | 1569 | ||
| Scoliosis | 1570 | ||
| Brachial Plexus Palsy | 1570 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1571 | ||
| Treatment | 1571 | ||
| Anterior Shoulder Release | 1572 | ||
| Rotational Osteotomy of the Humerus | 1573 | ||
| Release of the Internal Rotation Contracture and Transfer of the Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major | 1573 | ||
| Arthroscopic Release and Transfer of the Latissimus Dorsi | 1577 | ||
| References | 1577 | ||
| Poliomyelitis | 1577 | ||
| Myelomeningocele | 1578 | ||
| Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita | 1579 | ||
| Brachial Plexus | 1579 | ||
| Supplemental References | 1581 | ||
| Poliomyelitis | 1581 | ||
| Foot and Ankle | 1581 | ||
| Knee | 1582 | ||
| Hip | 1582 | ||
| Trunk | 1582 | ||
| Shoulder | 1582 | ||
| Elbow and Forearm | 1582 | ||
| Myelomeningocele | 1583 | ||
| Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita | 1586 | ||
| Brachial Plexus | 1587 | ||
| 35 Neuromuscular Disorders | 1590 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 1591 | ||
| Fractures | 1591 | ||
| Orthoses | 1591 | ||
| Seating Systems | 1592 | ||
| Differentiation of Muscle Disease From Nerve Disease | 1592 | ||
| Hematological Studies | 1592 | ||
| Electromyographic Studies | 1592 | ||
| Muscle Tissue Biopsy | 1592 | ||
| Open Muscle Biopsy | 1594 | ||
| Percutaneous Muscle Biopsy | 1594 | ||
| Muscular Dystrophy | 1595 | ||
| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | 1595 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1595 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 1597 | ||
| Orthopaedic Treatment | 1597 | ||
| Percutaneous Release of Hip Flexion and Abduction Contractures and Achilles Tendon Contracture | 1598 | ||
| Rideau Technique | 1598 | ||
| Transfer of the Posterior Tibial Tendon to the Dorsum of the Foot | 1599 | ||
| Transfer of the Posterior Tibial Tendon to the Dorsum of the Base of the Second Metatarsal | 1600 | ||
| Other Variants of Muscular Dystrophy | 1602 | ||
| Becker Muscular Dystrophy | 1602 | ||
| Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy | 1602 | ||
| Limb-Girdle Dystrophy | 1602 | ||
| Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy | 1603 | ||
| Scapulothoracic Fusion | 1603 | ||
| Infantile Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy | 1605 | ||
| Congenital Dystrophies | 1606 | ||
| Myotonic Dystrophy | 1606 | ||
| Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies | 1606 | ||
| Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (Peroneal Muscular Atrophy) | 1606 | ||
| Cavovarus Foot Deformity | 1607 | ||
| Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation | 1607 | ||
| Orthopaedic Treatment | 1607 | ||
| Radical Plantar-Medial Release and Dorsal Closing Wedge Osteotomy | 1610 | ||
| Transfer of the Extensor Hallucis Longus Tendon for Claw Toe Deformity | 1610 | ||
| Transfer of the Extensor Tendons to the Middle Cuneiform | 1611 | ||
| Stepwise Joint-Sparing Foot Osteotomies | 1611 | ||
| Hip Dysplasia | 1612 | ||
| Spinal Deformities | 1612 | ||
| Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Variants | 1612 | ||
| Friedreich Ataxia | 1613 | ||
| Spinal Muscular Atrophy | 1613 | ||
| References | 1614 | ||
| General | 1614 | ||
| Muscular Dystrophy—General | 1614 | ||
| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | 1615 | ||
| Limb-Girdle Dystrophy | 1615 | ||
| Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy | 1615 | ||
| Congenital Dystrophy | 1615 | ||
| Myotonic Dystrophy | 1615 | ||
| Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease | 1615 | ||
| Friedreich Ataxia | 1616 | ||
| Spinal Muscular Atrophy | 1616 | ||
| Supplemental References | 1617 | ||
| General | 1617 | ||
| Muscular Dystrophy—General | 1617 | ||
| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | 1617 | ||
| Becker Muscular Dystrophy | 1619 | ||
| Limb-Girdle Dystrophy | 1619 | ||
| Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy | 1619 | ||
| Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy | 1619 | ||
| Congenital Dystrophy | 1619 | ||
| Myotonic Dystrophy | 1619 | ||
| Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease | 1619 | ||
| Friedreich Ataxia | 1620 | ||
| Spinal Muscular Atrophy | 1620 | ||
| XI Fractures and Dislocations in Children | 1623 | ||
| 36 Fractures and Dislocations in Children | 1624 | ||
| Physeal Injuries | 1625 | ||
| Open Fractures | 1627 | ||
| Pathological Fractures | 1628 | ||
| Fractures at Birth and Fractures Caused by Child Abuse | 1628 | ||
| General Principles of Operative Fracture Treatment in Children | 1629 | ||
| Hand and Wrist Fractures, Dislocations, and Fracture-Dislocations | 1630 | ||
| Phalangeal Fractures | 1630 | ||
| Metacarpal Fractures | 1633 | ||
| Thumb Metacarpal Fractures | 1633 | ||
| Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Physeal Fractures of Phalanges and Metacarpals | 1634 | ||
| Dislocations | 1634 | ||
| Other Fractures and Fracture-Dislocations | 1635 | ||
| Forearm Fractures | 1636 | ||
| Fractures of the Distal Third of the Forearm | 1636 | ||
| Fractures of the Middle Third of the Forearm | 1638 | ||
| Closed Intramedullary Nailing | 1639 | ||
| Fractures of the Proximal Third of the Forearm | 1639 | ||
| Synostosis (Cross Union) | 1640 | ||
| Plastic Deformation | 1640 | ||
| Monteggia and Galeazzi Fractures | 1640 | ||
| Monteggia Fracture | 1640 | ||
| Open Reduction of Old Monteggia Fracture in Children | 1644 | ||
| Galeazzi Fracture-Dislocation | 1645 | ||
| Isolated Dislocations of the Radial Head | 1645 | ||
| Osteotomy of the Ulna and Overcorrection of Angular Deformity | 1645 | ||
| Elbow Joint Fractures and Dislocations | 1646 | ||
| Radial Head and Neck Fractures | 1646 | ||
| Closed and Open Reduction of Radial Neck Fractures | 1648 | ||
| Closed Intramedullary Pinning | 1649 | ||
| Percutaneous Reduction and Pinning | 1649 | ||
| Olecranon Fractures | 1649 | ||
| Fractures of the Coronoid Process | 1650 | ||
| Elbow Dislocations | 1650 | ||
| Acute Dislocations | 1650 | ||
| Chronic Recurrent Elbow Dislocations | 1652 | ||
| Old Unreduced Elbow Dislocations | 1653 | ||
| Open Reduction of Untreated (Chronic) Posterior Dislocation of the Elbow in Children | 1653 | ||
| Distal Humeral Fractures | 1653 | ||
| Capitellar Fractures | 1654 | ||
| Lateral Condylar Fractures | 1654 | ||
| Open Reduction and Internal Fixation | 1656 | ||
| Open Reduction and Internal Fixation with Bone Grafting for Nonunion or Delayed Union of Minimally Displaced Fractures | 1659 | ||
| Established Nonunion with Cubitus Valgus | 1659 | ||
| Osteotomy for Established Cubitus Valgus Secondary to Nonunion or Growth Arrest | 1661 | ||
| Medial Epicondylar Fractures | 1661 | ||
| Displaced or Entrapped Medial Epicondyle | 1661 | ||
| Medial Condylar Fractures | 1663 | ||
| Open Reduction and Internal Fixation | 1663 | ||
| Supracondylar Fractures | 1664 | ||
| Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning | 1665 | ||
| Ulnar Nerve Injury | 1665 | ||
| Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning of Supracondylar Fracture (Crossed Medial and Lateral Pins) | 1668 | ||
| Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning of Supracondylar Fracture (Two Lateral Pins) | 1668 | ||
| Open Reduction and Internal Fixation | 1669 | ||
| Anterior Approach | 1669 | ||
| Early Complications | 1669 | ||
| Nerve Injury | 1669 | ||
| Brachial Artery Injury | 1670 | ||
| Compartment Syndrome | 1670 | ||
| Late Complications | 1670 | ||
| Lateral Closing Wedge Osteotomy | 1671 | ||
| Oblique Osteotomy with Derotation | 1672 | ||
| Step-Cut Osteotomy | 1673 | ||
| Step-Cut Translation Osteotomy with A y-Shaped Humeral Plate | 1674 | ||
| Separation of the Entire Distal Humeral Epiphysis | 1674 | ||
| Fractures of the Shaft and Proximal End of the Humerus | 1676 | ||
| Closed Reduction and Casting or Percutaneous Pinning | 1677 | ||
| Acromioclavicular Dislocations | 1678 | ||
| Fractures and Dislocations of the Clavicle | 1678 | ||
| Spine Fractures and Dislocations | 1679 | ||
| Cervical Spine | 1680 | ||
| Atlantoaxial Fracture-Dislocations | 1680 | ||
| Fractures of the Odontoid | 1681 | ||
| C3-7 Fractures and Dislocations | 1681 | ||
| Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Fractures | 1681 | ||
| Pelvic Fractures | 1682 | ||
| Avulsion Fractures | 1685 | ||
| Pelvic Fractures | 1685 | ||
| Acetabular Fractures | 1686 | ||
| Hip Fractures in Children | 1687 | ||
| Type I, Transepiphyseal Separations | 1687 | ||
| Type II, Transcervical Fractures | 1689 | ||
| Type III, Cervicotrochanteric Fractures | 1690 | ||
| Type IV, Intertrochanteric Fractures | 1690 | ||
| Treatment Recommendations | 1690 | ||
| Closed Reduction and Internal Fixation | 1692 | ||
| Open Reduction and Internal Fixation | 1693 | ||
| Valgus Subtrochanteric Osteotomy for Acquired Coxa Vara or Nonunion | 1694 | ||
| Modified Pauwels Intertrochanteric Osteotomy for Acquired Coxa Vara or Nonunion | 1697 | ||
| Traumatic Hip Dislocations in Children | 1698 | ||
| Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis | 1700 | ||
| Treatment | 1702 | ||
| In Situ Pin or Screw Fixation | 1702 | ||
| Determining the Entry Point for Cannulated Screw Fixation of A Slipped Epiphysis | 1703 | ||
| Contralateral Slips | 1705 | ||
| Closed Reduction | 1705 | ||
| Open Reduction | 1706 | ||
| Positional Reduction and Fixation | 1706 | ||
| Osteotomy | 1707 | ||
| Cuneiform Osteotomy of the Femoral Neck (Fish) | 1707 | ||
| Cuneiform Osteotomy of the Femoral Neck (Dunn) | 1708 | ||
| Subcapital Realignment of the Epiphysis | 1710 | ||
| Compensatory Basilar Osteotomy of the Femoral Neck | 1712 | ||
| Extracapsular Base-of-Neck Osteotomy | 1713 | ||
| Intertrochanteric Osteotomy | 1715 | ||
| Intertrochanteric Osteotomy (Imhäuser) | 1715 | ||
| Cheilectomy | 1716 | ||
| Complications | 1716 | ||
| Osteonecrosis | 1716 | ||
| Chondrolysis | 1717 | ||
| Femoral Neck Fracture | 1718 | ||
| Continued Slipping | 1719 | ||
| Femoroacetabular Impingement | 1719 | ||
| Femoral Fractures | 1720 | ||
| Femoral Shaft Fractures (or Diaphyseal Femoral Fractures) | 1720 | ||
| Spica Cast Application | 1724 | ||
| Flexible Intramedullary Nail Fixation | 1727 | ||
| Complications | 1729 | ||
| Fractures of the Distal Femoral Physis | 1731 | ||
| Closed or Open Reduction | 1733 | ||
| Complications | 1735 | ||
| Knee Fractures and Dislocations | 1735 | ||
| Patellar Dislocations | 1735 | ||
| Reconstruction of the Patellofemoral and Patellotibial Ligaments with A Semitendinosus Tendon Graft | 1736 | ||
| Release of the Iliotibial Tract and Lateral Retinaculum for Patellar Dislocation | 1736 | ||
| 3-in-1 Procedure for Recurrent Dislocation of the Patella: Lateral Release, Vastus Medialis Obliquus Muscle Advancement, and Transfer of the Medial Third of the Patellar Tendon to the Medial Collateral Ligament | 1737 | ||
| Patellar Fractures | 1737 | ||
| Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Sleeve Fracture | 1739 | ||
| Fractures of the Intercondylar Eminence of the Tibia | 1739 | ||
| Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Tibial Eminence Fracture | 1740 | ||
| Arthroscopic Reduction of Tibial Eminence Fracture and Internal Fixation with Bioabsorbable Nails | 1741 | ||
| Tibial Tuberosity Fractures | 1742 | ||
| Open Reduction and Internal Fixation | 1745 | ||
| Osteochondral Fractures | 1745 | ||
| Floating Knee Injuries | 1746 | ||
| Tibial and Fibular Fractures | 1747 | ||
| Proximal Tibial Physeal Fractures | 1747 | ||
| Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Tibial Tuberosity Fracture | 1748 | ||
| Proximal Tibial Metaphyseal Fractures | 1749 | ||
| Open Reduction and Removal of Interposed Tissue | 1750 | ||
| Middle and Distal Tibial Shaft Fractures | 1752 | ||
| Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing of Tibial Fracture | 1753 | ||
| Distal Tibial and Fibular Epiphyseal Fractures | 1754 | ||
| Open Reduction and Internal Fixation | 1757 | ||
| Triplane Fractures | 1758 | ||
| Open Reduction and Internal Fixation | 1759 | ||
| Tillaux Fractures | 1760 | ||
| Open Reduction and Internal Fixation | 1762 | ||
| Percutaneous Reduction and Internal Fixation | 1762 | ||
| Foot and Ankle Fractures | 1762 | ||
| Talar Fractures | 1762 | ||
| Talar Neck Fractures | 1762 | ||
| Fractures of the Dome and Lateral Process of the Talus | 1763 | ||
| Osteochondral Fractures of the Talus | 1765 | ||
| Excision of Osteochondral Fragment of the Talus | 1767 | ||
| Calcaneal Fractures | 1767 | ||
| Tarsal Fractures | 1769 | ||
| Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Cuboid Compression (Nutcracker) Fracture | 1769 | ||
| Metatarsal and Phalangeal Fractures | 1770 | ||
| References | 1772 | ||
| Physeal Injuries, Child Abuse | 1772 | ||
| Open and Pathological Fractures | 1772 | ||
| Hand and Wrist Fractures, Dislocations, and Fracture-Dislocations | 1772 | ||
| Forearm Fractures/Monteggia Fractures | 1772 | ||
| Elbow Joint Fractures and Dislocations | 1773 | ||
| Lateral Condylar Fractures | 1774 | ||
| Medial Epicondylar and Medial Humeral Condylar Fractures | 1774 | ||
| Supracondylar Fractures | 1774 | ||
| Fractures of the Shaft and Proximal End of the Humerus, Acromioclavicular Dislocations, and Fractures and Dislocations of the Shaft and Epiphysis of the Clavicle | 1776 | ||
| Spine Fractures and Dislocations | 1776 | ||
| Pelvic and Hip Fractures and Disorders | 1777 | ||
| Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis | 1778 | ||
| Femoral Fractures | 1779 | ||
| Knee Fractures | 1781 | ||
| Tibial and Fibular Fractures | 1781 | ||
| Foot Fractures | 1782 | ||
| Supplemental References | 1783 | ||
| Physeal Injuries, Child Abuse | 1783 | ||
| Open and Pathological Fractures | 1783 | ||
| Hand and Wrist Fractures, Dislocations, and Fracture-Dislocations | 1783 | ||
| Forearm Fractures/Monteggia Fractures | 1784 | ||
| Elbow Joint Fractures and Dislocations | 1785 | ||
| Lateral Condylar Fractures | 1786 | ||
| Medial Epicondylar and Medial Humeral Condylar Fractures | 1786 | ||
| Supracondylar Fractures | 1787 | ||
| Fractures of the Shaft and Proximal End of the Humerus, Acromioclavicular Dislocations, and Fractures and Dislocations of the Shaft and Epiphysis of the Clavicle | 1788 | ||
| Spine Fractures and Dislocations | 1789 | ||
| Pelvic and Hip Fractures and Disorders | 1789 | ||
| Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis | 1791 | ||
| Femoral Fractures | 1793 | ||
| Fractures About the Knee (Distal Femur, Proximal Tibia, Patella) | 1795 | ||
| Tibial Shaft Fractures | 1796 | ||
| Distal Tibial and Fibular Fractures and Foot Fractures | 1796 | ||
| XII The Spine | 1798 | ||
| 37 Spinal Anatomy and Surgical Approaches | 1799 | ||
| Anatomy of Vertebral Column | 1799 | ||
| Anatomy of Spinal Joints | 1799 | ||
| Anatomy of Spinal Cord and Nerves | 1800 | ||
| Anatomy of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Pedicles | 1801 | ||
| Circulation of Spinal Cord | 1803 | ||
| Surgical Approaches | 1804 | ||
| Anterior Approaches | 1804 | ||
| Anterior Approach, Occiput to C3 | 1805 | ||
| Anterior Transoral Approach | 1805 | ||
| Anterior Retropharyngeal Approach | 1805 | ||
| Extended Maxillotomy and Subtotal Maxillectomy | 1806 | ||
| Subtotal Maxillectomy | 1808 | ||
| Extended Maxillotomy | 1810 | ||
| e9780323072434v3 | 2490 | ||
| Front cover | 2490 | ||
| Endsheet for VOLUME III | 2491 | ||
| Expert Consult page | 2494 | ||
| Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics | 2495 | ||
| Copyright page | 2498 | ||
| In Memory | 2499 | ||
| Dedicatoion | 2499 | ||
| Contributors | 2501 | ||
| Preface | 2503 | ||
| Table of Contents | 2505 | ||
| Video Contents | 2509 | ||
| XIII Sports Medicine | 2511 | ||
| 45 Knee Injuries | 2512 | ||
| Anatomy | 2513 | ||
| Osseous Structures | 2513 | ||
| Extraarticular Tendinous Structures | 2513 | ||
| Extraarticular Ligamentous Structures | 2515 | ||
| Intraarticular Structures | 2525 | ||
| Mechanics | 2525 | ||
| Menisci | 2527 | ||
| Function and Anatomy | 2527 | ||
| Meniscal Healing and Repair | 2530 | ||
| Tears of Menisci | 2531 | ||
| Mechanism of Tear | 2531 | ||
| Classification | 2531 | ||
| Diagnosis | 2532 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 2533 | ||
| Imaging Studies | 2534 | ||
| Radiography | 2534 | ||
| Arthrography | 2534 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Studies | 2534 | ||
| Arthroscopy | 2535 | ||
| Nonoperative Management | 2535 | ||
| Operative Management | 2535 | ||
| Late Changes after Meniscectomy | 2536 | ||
| Surgical Repair of Torn Menisci | 2536 | ||
| Open Meniscal Repair | 2537 | ||
| Meniscal Autografts and Allografts | 2538 | ||
| Other Conditions of Menisci | 2539 | ||
| Cysts of Menisci | 2539 | ||
| Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy and Decompression of Meniscal Cyst | 2540 | ||
| Excision of Meniscal Cyst | 2540 | ||
| Discoid Meniscus | 2541 | ||
| Treatment | 2542 | ||
| Acute Traumatic Lesions of Ligaments | 2542 | ||
| General Considerations | 2542 | ||
| Etiology | 2543 | ||
| Mechanism | 2543 | ||
| Ligament Healing | 2543 | ||
| Classification | 2544 | ||
| Diagnosis | 2544 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 2544 | ||
| Standard Stress Tests | 2545 | ||
| Abduction (Valgus) Stress Test. | 2545 | ||
| Adduction (Varus) Stress Test. | 2546 | ||
| Anterior Drawer Test. | 2546 | ||
| Lachman Test. | 2547 | ||
| Posterior Drawer Test. | 2547 | ||
| Quadriceps Active Test. | 2548 | ||
| Rotary Tests | 2549 | ||
| Slocum Anterior Rotary Drawer Test. | 2549 | ||
| Jerk Test of Hughston and Losee. | 2549 | ||
| Lateral Pivot Shift Test of Macintosh. | 2549 | ||
| Flexion-Rotation Drawer Test. | 2549 | ||
| External Rotation-Recurvatum Test. | 2550 | ||
| Reverse Pivot Shift Sign of Jakob, Hassler, and Stäubli. | 2551 | ||
| Tibial External Rotation (Dial) Test. | 2553 | ||
| Posterolateral Drawer Test. | 2553 | ||
| Radiographic Examination | 2553 | ||
| Classification of Knee Instability | 2554 | ||
| One-Plane Instability | 2555 | ||
| Rotary Instability | 2556 | ||
| Combined Instabilities | 2556 | ||
| Treatment Considerations | 2556 | ||
| Nonoperative Treatment | 2556 | ||
| Operative Treatment | 2557 | ||
| Medial Compartment (Collateral) Disruptions | 2559 | ||
| Repair | 2559 | ||
| Repair of Medial Compartment Disruptions | 2559 | ||
| Reconstruction | 2567 | ||
| Reconstruction of Medial Compartment | 2567 | ||
| Repair of Posteromedial Corner | 2570 | ||
| Reconstruction of Posteromedial Corner | 2572 | ||
| Reconstruction with Allograft Tendons | 2573 | ||
| Lateral Compartment (Collateral) Disruptions | 2573 | ||
| Repair of Lateral Compartment Disruptions | 2574 | ||
| Reconstruction of Lateral Compartment | 2578 | ||
| Posterolateral Rotary Instability | 2579 | ||
| Reconstruction of the Posterolateral Structures for Mild-to-Moderate Posterolateral Instability | 2579 | ||
| Reconstruction of the Popliteal Tendon Using the Iliotibial Band for Posterolateral Instability | 2582 | ||
| Rerouting of the Biceps Tendon to the Femoral Epicondyle for Posterolateral Instability | 2585 | ||
| Anatomical Posterolateral Knee Reconstruction for Grade III Posterolateral Injury | 2587 | ||
| Posterolateral Instability with Varus Knee | 2588 | ||
| Valgus Tibial Osteotomy and Posterolateral Reconstruction | 2588 | ||
| Allograft Reconstruction of the Lateral Collateral Ligament | 2591 | ||
| Reconstruction of Posterolateral Structures with Semitendinosus Tendon | 2592 | ||
| Anterolateral Rotary Instability | 2593 | ||
| Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries | 2593 | ||
| Incidence | 2593 | ||
| Anatomy | 2593 | ||
| Biomechanics | 2594 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 2594 | ||
| Natural History | 2595 | ||
| Treatment | 2597 | ||
| Repair of Bony Tibial Avulsions of Anterior Cruciate Ligament | 2597 | ||
| Reconstruction for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insufficiency | 2598 | ||
| Extraarticular Procedures (Iliotibial Band Tenodesis) | 2598 | ||
| Extraarticular Procedures (Iliotibial Band Tenodesis) | 2599 | ||
| Extraarticular Procedures (Iliotibial Band Tenodesis) | 2600 | ||
| Intraarticular Reconstruction | 2601 | ||
| Graft Selection. | 2602 | ||
| Graft Placement. | 2602 | ||
| Graft Tension. | 2604 | ||
| Graft Fixation. | 2604 | ||
| Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Bone–patellar Tendon–bone Graft | 2606 | ||
| Reconstruction with Hamstring Tendons | 2611 | ||
| Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Hamstrings (with Proximal Release of Hamstrings) | 2611 | ||
| Combined Anterior Cruciate Ligament Instabilities | 2613 | ||
| Synthetic Materials for Ligament Reconstruction | 2613 | ||
| Allograft Ligament Replacement | 2613 | ||
| Rehabilitation after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction | 2615 | ||
| Results of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction | 2616 | ||
| Complications of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery | 2617 | ||
| Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery | 2618 | ||
| Graft Selection | 2619 | ||
| Technical Considerations | 2619 | ||
| Posterior Cruciate Ligament | 2620 | ||
| Anatomy | 2620 | ||
| Biomechanics | 2620 | ||
| Physical Examination | 2621 | ||
| Natural History | 2621 | ||
| Treatment | 2621 | ||
| Nonoperative Treatment | 2621 | ||
| Operative Treatment | 2622 | ||
| Repair of Bony Avulsion | 2623 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 2625 | ||
| Reconstruction of Posterior Cruciate Ligament | 2625 | ||
| Reconstruction of Posterior Cruciate Ligament with Patellar Tendon Graft | 2627 | ||
| Reconstruction of Posterior Cruciate Ligament with Patellar Tendon Graft | 2631 | ||
| Reconstruction of Posterior Cruciate Ligament with Bone–patellar Tendon–bone or Achilles Tendon–bone Grafts | 2633 | ||
| Reconstruction of Posterior Cruciate Ligament with Bone–patellar Tendon–bone or Achilles Tendon–bone Grafts | 2634 | ||
| Reconstruction of Posterior Cruciate Ligament with Bone–patellar Tendon–bone or Achilles Tendon–bone Grafts | 2635 | ||
| Arthroscopically Aided Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction | 2636 | ||
| Complications of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction | 2636 | ||
| Traumatic Dislocations | 2636 | ||
| Classification | 2637 | ||
| Examination and Radiographic Evaluation | 2638 | ||
| Vascular and Nerve Injuries | 2638 | ||
| Vascular Injuries | 2638 | ||
| Nerve Damage | 2639 | ||
| Other Associated Injuries | 2639 | ||
| Treatment | 2640 | ||
| Outcome of Operative Treatment of Knee Dislocations | 2642 | ||
| Synovial Plicae | 2642 | ||
| Articular Cartilage Injuries | 2643 | ||
| Treatment | 2644 | ||
| Osteochondritis Dissecans | 2648 | ||
| Etiology | 2649 | ||
| Clinical and Radiographic Findings | 2649 | ||
| Treatment | 2650 | ||
| Excision of Loose Bodies | 2651 | ||
| Outcomes of Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee | 2651 | ||
| Complications | 2651 | ||
| Disorders of the Patella | 2652 | ||
| Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Patella | 2652 | ||
| Dorsal Defect of the Patella | 2652 | ||
| Bipartite Patella | 2652 | ||
| Subperiosteal Release of the Lateral Quadriceps Mechanism | 2653 | ||
| Chondromalacia of the Patella | 2653 | ||
| Classification and Etiology | 2654 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 2655 | ||
| Treatment | 2655 | ||
| Advancement of the Tibial Tuberosity | 2656 | ||
| Patellectomy | 2657 | ||
| Extraarticular Ankylosis of the Knee | 2657 | ||
| Extraarticular Ankylosis in Extension | 2657 | ||
| THOMPSON Quadricepsplasty | 2658 | ||
| Mini-Invasive Quadricepsplasty | 2658 | ||
| Extraarticular Ankylosis in Flexion | 2661 | ||
| e9780323072434v4 | 3714 | ||
| Front cover | 3714 | ||
| Endsheet for VOLUME IV | 3715 | ||
| Expert Consult page | 3718 | ||
| Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics | 3719 | ||
| Copyright page | 3722 | ||
| In Memory | 3723 | ||
| Dedicatoion | 3723 | ||
| Contributors | 3725 | ||
| Preface | 3727 | ||
| Table of Contents | 3729 | ||
| Video Contents | 3733 | ||
| XVI Peripheral Nerve Injuries | 3735 | ||
| 62 Peripheral Nerve Injuries | 3736 | ||
| Anatomy of the Spinal Nerves | 3737 | ||
| Components of Mixed Spinal Nerves | 3737 | ||
| Motor | 3737 | ||
| Sensory | 3737 | ||
| Sympathetic | 3737 | ||
| Gross Anatomy | 3737 | ||
| Microscopic Anatomy | 3738 | ||
| Internal Topography of Peripheral Nerves | 3739 | ||
| Neuronal Degeneration and Regeneration | 3740 | ||
| Classification of Nerve Injuries | 3741 | ||
| Effects of Peripheral Nerve Injuries | 3742 | ||
| Motor | 3742 | ||
| Sensory | 3742 | ||
| Reflex | 3744 | ||
| Autonomic | 3744 | ||
| Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy | 3744 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 3745 | ||
| Treatment | 3745 | ||
| Etiology of Peripheral Nerve Injuries | 3746 | ||
| Clinical Diagnosis of Nerve Injuries | 3746 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 3747 | ||
| Electrodiagnostic Studies | 3747 | ||
| Nerve Conduction Velocity | 3747 | ||
| Electromyography | 3748 | ||
| Tinel Sign | 3748 | ||
| Sweat Test | 3749 | ||
| Skin Resistance Test | 3749 | ||
| Electrical Stimulation | 3749 | ||
| General Considerations of Treatment of Nerve Injuries | 3749 | ||
| Factors That Influence Regeneration after Neurorrhaphy | 3750 | ||
| Age | 3750 | ||
| Gap Between Nerve Ends | 3750 | ||
| Delay Between Time of Injury and Repair | 3750 | ||
| Level of Injury | 3750 | ||
| Condition of Nerve Ends | 3751 | ||
| General Considerations for Surgery | 3751 | ||
| Indications | 3751 | ||
| Time of Surgery | 3751 | ||
| Instruments and Equipment | 3752 | ||
| Anesthesia | 3752 | ||
| Preparation and Draping | 3752 | ||
| Technique of Nerve Repair | 3752 | ||
| Endoneurolysis (Internal Neurolysis) | 3753 | ||
| Partial Neurorrhaphy | 3753 | ||
| Neurorrhaphy and Nerve Grafting | 3753 | ||
| Methods of Closing Gaps Between Nerve Ends | 3753 | ||
| Mobilization | 3754 | ||
| Positioning of Extremity | 3754 | ||
| Transposition | 3754 | ||
| Bone Resection | 3754 | ||
| Nerve Stretching and Bulb Suture | 3754 | ||
| Nerve Grafting | 3755 | ||
| Nerve Crossing (Pedicle Grafting) | 3755 | ||
| Source of Nerve for Interfascicular Nerve Grafting | 3755 | ||
| Nerve Allografts | 3755 | ||
| Synthetic Nerve Conduits | 3755 | ||
| Techniques of Neurorrhaphy | 3755 | ||
| Epineurial Neurorrhaphy | 3756 | ||
| Perineurial (Fascicular) Neurorrhaphy | 3757 | ||
| Interfascicular Nerve Grafting | 3757 | ||
| Results of Operation | 3759 | ||
| Cervical Plexus | 3759 | ||
| Spinal Accessory Nerve | 3759 | ||
| Treatment | 3759 | ||
| Results of Suture of the Spinal Accessory Nerve | 3760 | ||
| Brachial Plexus | 3760 | ||
| Etiology and Classification of Brachial Plexus Injuries | 3761 | ||
| Diagnosis of Brachial Plexus Injuries | 3761 | ||
| Treatment of Brachial Plexus Injuries | 3762 | ||
| Indications for Surgery | 3762 | ||
| Surgical Goals | 3763 | ||
| Comprehensive Approach to the Brachial Plexus | 3763 | ||
| Approach to the Brachial Plexus | 3764 | ||
| Methods of Closing Gaps | 3766 | ||
| Results of Treatment | 3766 | ||
| Transfer of the Ulnar Nerve Fascicles to Nerve of the Biceps Muscle | 3767 | ||
| Double Fascicular Transfer From Ulnar and Median Nerves to Nerve of the Brachialis Branches | 3768 | ||
| Neurotization of the Suprascapular Nerve with the Spinal Accessory Nerve | 3769 | ||
| Neurotization of the Axillary Nerve with Radial Nerve | 3770 | ||
| Brachial Plexus Compression Syndrome | 3770 | ||
| Suprascapular Nerve | 3770 | ||
| Examination | 3770 | ||
| Treatment | 3771 | ||
| Posterior Approach for Division of the Transverse Scapular Ligament | 3771 | ||
| Long Thoracic Nerve | 3772 | ||
| Axillary Nerve | 3772 | ||
| Examination | 3772 |