BOOK
Braunwald's Heart Disease E-Book
Robert O. Bonow | Douglas L. Mann | Douglas P. Zipes | Peter Libby
(2011)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Braunwald’s Heart Disease remains your indispensable source for definitive, state-of-the-art answers on every aspect of contemporary cardiology. Edited by Drs. Robert O. Bonow, Douglas L. Mann, Douglas P. Zipes, and Peter Libby, this dynamic, multimedia reference helps you apply the most recent knowledge in molecular biology and genetics, imaging, pharmacology, interventional cardiology, electrophysiology, and much more. Weekly updates online, personally selected by Dr. Braunwald, continuously keep you current on the most important new developments affecting your practice. Enhanced premium online content includes new dynamic cardiac imaging videos, heart sound recordings, and podcasts. With sweeping updates throughout, and contributions from a "who’s who" of global cardiology, Braunwald’s is the cornerstone of effective practice.
- Continuously access the most important new developments affecting your practice with weekly updates personally selected by Dr. Braunwald, including focused reviews, "hot off the press" commentaries, and late-breaking clinical trials.
- Practice with confidence and overcome your toughest challenges with advice from the top minds in cardiology today, who synthesize the entire state of current knowledge and summarize all of the most recent ACC/AHA practice guidelines.
- Locate the answers you need fast thanks to a user-friendly, full-color design with more than 1,200 color illustrations.
- Search the complete contents online at www.expertconsult.com.
- Stay on top of the latest advances in molecular imaging, intravascular ultrasound, cardiovascular regeneration and tissue engineering, device therapy for advanced heart failure, atrial fibrillation management, structural heart disease, Chagasic heart disease, ethics in cardiovascular medicine, the design and conduct of clinical trials, and many other timely topics.
- Hone your clinical skills with new dynamic cardiac imaging videos, heart sound recordings, and podcasts at www.expertconsult.com.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Braunwald's Heart Disease | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Acknowledgments | vi | ||
| Dedication 2 | vii | ||
| Contributors | ix | ||
| Preface to the Ninth Edition | xvii | ||
| Preface—Adapted from the First Edition | xix | ||
| Table of contents | xxi | ||
| Look for these other titles in the Braunwald’s Heart Disease Family | xxv | ||
| PART I: FUNDAMENTALS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease | 1 | ||
| Shifting Burdens | 1 | ||
| Epidemiologic Transitions | 1 | ||
| Epidemiologic Transition in the United States | 3 | ||
| Current Worldwide Variations in the Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease | 5 | ||
| Global Trends in Cardiovascular Disease | 10 | ||
| Risk Factors | 10 | ||
| Economic Burden | 15 | ||
| Cost-Effective Solutions | 16 | ||
| Summary and Conclusions | 18 | ||
| References | 18 | ||
| Chapter 2: Heart Disease in Varied Populations | 21 | ||
| Changing Demographics of the U.S. Population | 21 | ||
| Distribution of Known Risk Factors for Heart Disease | 21 | ||
| Cardiovascular Mortality | 23 | ||
| Disparities in Cardiovascular Care and Outcomes | 23 | ||
| Hypertension | 24 | ||
| Ischemic Heart Disease | 25 | ||
| Heart Failure | 26 | ||
| Construct of Race and Ethnicity in Medicine | 27 | ||
| Summary and Clinical Messages | 28 | ||
| References | 28 | ||
| Chapter 3: Ethics in Cardiovascular Medicine | 30 | ||
| Common Ethical Dilemmas in Cardiovascular Medicine | 30 | ||
| Approaching Ethical Dilemmas in Clinical Practice | 34 | ||
| References | 34 | ||
| Chapter 4: Clinical Decision Making in Cardiology | 35 | ||
| Diagnostic Decision Making | 35 | ||
| Therapeutic Decision Making | 37 | ||
| Conclusion | 40 | ||
| Classic Reading List | 40 | ||
| References | 40 | ||
| Chapter 5: Measurement and Improvement of Quality of Cardiovascular Care | 42 | ||
| Guidelines and Quality Measures | 42 | ||
| Methodologic Issues | 43 | ||
| Definition of Quality | 45 | ||
| Hospitals | 45 | ||
| Physicians | 46 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 47 | ||
| References | 47 | ||
| Chapter 6: Design and Conduct of Clinical Trials | 49 | ||
| Constructing the Research Question | 49 | ||
| Clinical Trial Design | 50 | ||
| Key Issues | 52 | ||
| Measures and Detection of Treatment Effect | 54 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 54 | ||
| References | 55 | ||
| PART II: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS | 57 | ||
| Chapter 7: Principles of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Genetics | 57 | ||
| Principles of Cell Biology and the Cell Cycle | 57 | ||
| The Genetic Code: DNA, RNA, and Protein | 59 | ||
| Principles and Techniques of Molecular Biology | 61 | ||
| Principles of Molecular Genetics | 63 | ||
| Genetic Modification of Mice to Study Human Cardiovascular Disease | 66 | ||
| Gene Transfer | 68 | ||
| Future Directions | 69 | ||
| References | 69 | ||
| Chapter 8: Inherited Causes of Cardiovascular Disease | 70 | ||
| Genetic Causes of Cardiomyopathy | 70 | ||
| Genetic Causes of Congenital Heart Malformations | 76 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 79 | ||
| References | 79 | ||
| Chapter 9: Genetics of Cardiac Arrhythmias | 81 | ||
| QT-opathies | 81 | ||
| Other Channelopathies | 86 | ||
| Conclusions | 89 | ||
| References | 89 | ||
| Chapter 10: Principles of Drug Therapy | 91 | ||
| Importance of Correct Drug Use | 91 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 92 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 94 | ||
| Principles of Dosage Optimization | 94 | ||
| Genetics of Variable Drug Responses | 97 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 97 | ||
| Prospects for the Future | 98 | ||
| References | 98 | ||
| Chapter 11: Cardiovascular Regeneration and Tissue Engineering | 99 | ||
| Cardiac Stem Cells | 99 | ||
| Exogenous Stem Cells | 105 | ||
| Tissue Engineering | 105 | ||
| Future Directions | 106 | ||
| References | 106 | ||
| PART III: EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT | 107 | ||
| Chapter 12: The History and Physical Examination: | 107 | ||
| History | 107 | ||
| Physical Examination | 108 | ||
| Integrated Evidence-Based Approach | 118 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 124 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 124 | ||
| References | 124 | ||
| Chapter 13: Electrocardiography | 126 | ||
| Fundamental Principles | 126 | ||
| Normal Electrocardiogram | 132 | ||
| Abnormal Electrocardiogram* | 137 | ||
| Clinical Issues in Electrocardiographic Interpretation | 162 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 163 | ||
| References | 164 | ||
| ? Guidelines David M. Mirvis and Ary L. Goldberger | 165 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 165 | ||
| Patients with Known Cardiovascular Disease | 165 | ||
| Patients Suspected of Having Cardiovascular Disease | 165 | ||
| Patients without Known or Suspected Cardiovascular Disease | 165 | ||
| Special Populations | 167 | ||
| References | 167 | ||
| Chapter 14: Exercise Stress Testing | 168 | ||
| Exercise Physiology | 168 | ||
| Exercise Protocols | 170 | ||
| Electrocardiographic Measurements | 172 | ||
| Nonelectrocardiographic Observations | 177 | ||
| Exercise Test Indications | 178 | ||
| Safety and Risks of Exercise Testing | 189 | ||
| Termination of Exercise | 190 | ||
| References | 190 | ||
| ? Guidelines Bernard R. Chaitman | 192 | ||
| Exercise Stress Testing | 192 | ||
| Clinical Practice Guidelines | 192 | ||
| Exercise Test Performance and Training | 192 | ||
| Clinical Indications for Exercise Testing | 193 | ||
| References | 198 | ||
| Chapter 15: Echocardiography | 200 | ||
| M-Mode, Two-Dimensional, and Three-Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiography | 200 | ||
| Transesophageal Echocardiography | 203 | ||
| Doppler Echocardiography and Color Flow Imaging | 208 | ||
| Tissue Doppler and Strain Imaging | 210 | ||
| Contrast Echocardiography | 212 | ||
| Chamber Quantitation | 215 | ||
| Evaluation of Systolic and Diastolic Function | 219 | ||
| Echocardiography in Heart Failure (see Chaps. 26 and 28) | 224 | ||
| Coronary Artery Disease | 224 | ||
| Hemodynamic Assessment | 230 | ||
| Valvular Heart Disease (see Chap. 66) | 234 | ||
| Prosthetic Valve Evaluation (see Chap. 66) | 240 | ||
| Infective Endocarditis | 244 | ||
| Cardiomyopathies | 245 | ||
| Pericardial Diseases (see Chap. 75) | 251 | ||
| Cardiac Diseases Caused by Systemic Illness | 256 | ||
| Diseases of the Aorta (see Chap. 60) | 257 | ||
| Cardiac Tumors and Masses (see Chap. 74) | 260 | ||
| Echocardiography in Atrial Fibrillation (see Chap. 40) | 261 | ||
| Congenital Heart Disease (see Chap. 65) | 263 | ||
| References | 267 | ||
| ? Appropriate Use Criteria Robert O. Bonow | 270 | ||
| Echocardiography | 270 | ||
| References | 276 | ||
| Chapter 16: The Chest Radiograph in Cardiovascular Disease | 277 | ||
| Technical Considerations | 277 | ||
| Evaluating the Chest Radiograph in Heart Disease | 283 | ||
| Implantable Devices and Other Postsurgical Findings | 290 | ||
| Conclusion | 290 | ||
| References | 292 | ||
| Chapter 17: Nuclear Cardiology | 293 | ||
| Technical Aspects of Image Acquisition, Display, and Interpretation | 293 | ||
| Assessment of the Physiology and Pathophysiology of Myocardial Blood Flow, Myocardial Metabolism, and Ventricular Function | 310 | ||
| Imaging of Alterations in Myocardial Metabolism | 316 | ||
| Disease Detection, Risk Stratification, and Clinical Decision Making | 320 | ||
| References | 334 | ||
| ? Appropriate Use Criteria James E. Udelson | 336 | ||
| Nuclear Cardiology | 336 | ||
| References | 339 | ||
| Chapter 18: Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 340 | ||
| Basic Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 340 | ||
| Technical Aspects of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Pulse Sequences | 341 | ||
| Patient Safety | 343 | ||
| Clinical Applications | 343 | ||
| Novel Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques | 355 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 357 | ||
| References | 357 | ||
| ? Appropriate Use Criteria Raymond Y. Kwong | 359 | ||
| Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance | 359 | ||
| Reference | 361 | ||
| Chapter 19: Cardiac Computed Tomography | 362 | ||
| Scan Modes | 362 | ||
| Radiation Exposure | 362 | ||
| Preparation of the Patient and Scanning Sequence | 363 | ||
| Cardiac Computed Tomography Anatomy | 364 | ||
| Clinical Indications | 365 | ||
| Emerging Applications | 373 | ||
| Incidental Scan Findings | 374 | ||
| Training and Certification | 374 | ||
| References | 378 | ||
| ? Appropriate Use Criteria Allen J. Taylor | 379 | ||
| Cardiac Computed Tomography | 379 | ||
| References | 382 | ||
| Chapter 20: Cardiac Catheterization | 383 | ||
| Indications for Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization | 383 | ||
| Technical Aspects of Cardiac Catheterization | 384 | ||
| Hemodynamic Data | 393 | ||
| Physiologic and Pharmacologic Maneuvers | 401 | ||
| Adjunctive Diagnostic Techniques | 403 | ||
| Complications Associated with Cardiac Catheterization | 404 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 404 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 404 | ||
| References | 405 | ||
| Chapter 21: Coronary Arteriography | 406 | ||
| Indications for Coronary Arteriography (see Guidelines for Coronary Arteriography) | 406 | ||
| Technique of Coronary Arteriography | 408 | ||
| Pitfalls of Coronary Arteriography | 431 | ||
| References | 431 | ||
| ? Guidelines Jeffrey J. Popma | 433 | ||
| Coronary Arteriography | 433 | ||
| Coronary Arteriography in Asymptomatic Patients or Those with Stable Angina | 433 | ||
| Coronary Arteriography in Patients with St Elevation Myocardial Infarction | 433 | ||
| Coronary Arteriography in Patients with Unstable Angina/Non–St Elevation Myocardial Infarction | 433 | ||
| Coronary Arteriography in Patients with Nonspecific Chest Pain | 433 | ||
| Coronary Arteriography for Patient Follow-Up | 433 | ||
| Coronary Arteriography for the Evaluation and Assessment of Heart Failure | 433 | ||
| Coronary Arteriography in Patients with Valvular Disease | 433 | ||
| Coronary Arteriography Before and After Noncardiac Surgery | 433 | ||
| Coronary Arteriography in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease | 433 | ||
| Other Uses of Coronary Arteriography | 434 | ||
| References | 440 | ||
| Chapter 22: Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging | 441 | ||
| Intravascular Ultrasound Examination | 441 | ||
| Evaluation of Atheroma Burden and Vascular Remodeling | 441 | ||
| Clinical Indications for Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging | 442 | ||
| Conclusion | 445 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 445 | ||
| References | 446 | ||
| Chapter 23: Molecular Imaging in Cardiovascular Disease | 448 | ||
| Principles of Molecular Imaging | 448 | ||
| Biologic Processes Amenable to Molecular Targeting for Imaging | 449 | ||
| Uses for Molecular Imaging | 456 | ||
| The Future of Molecular Imaging of the Cardiovascular System | 457 | ||
| References | 457 | ||
| PART IV: HEART FAILURE | 459 | ||
| Chapter 24: Mechanisms of Cardiac Contraction and Relaxation | 459 | ||
| Microanatomy of Contractile Cells and Proteins | 459 | ||
| Calcium Ion Fluxes in Cardiac Contraction-Relaxation Cycle | 465 | ||
| Sarcolemmal Control of Calcium and Sodium Ions | 468 | ||
| Beta-Adrenergic Signal Systems | 469 | ||
| Cholinergic and Nitric Oxide Signaling | 473 | ||
| Vasoconstrictive Signaling | 475 | ||
| Cytokine Signaling | 475 | ||
| Contractile Performance of the Intact Heart | 475 | ||
| Atrial Function | 483 | ||
| Contractile Patterns in Physiologic and Pathologic Hypertrophy | 483 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 484 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 485 | ||
| References | 485 | ||
| Chapter 25: Pathophysiology of Heart Failure | 487 | ||
| Overview | 487 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 487 | ||
| Heart Failure as a Progressive Model | 487 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 503 | ||
| References | 503 | ||
| Chapter 26: Clinical Assessment of Heart Failure | 505 | ||
| Medical History and Physical Examination | 505 | ||
| Routine Tests | 508 | ||
| Right-Heart Catheterization | 510 | ||
| Endomyocardial Biopsy | 510 | ||
| Detection of Comorbidities | 510 | ||
| Assessment of Exercise Capacity | 511 | ||
| Use of Imaging Modalities in the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Heart Failure (see Chaps. 15, 17-19) | 511 | ||
| Summary and Future Perspectives | 514 | ||
| References | 515 | ||
| Chapter 27: Diagnosis and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes | 517 | ||
| Nomenclature and Definition | 517 | ||
| Epidemiology | 517 | ||
| Classification | 517 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 520 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes in Acute Heart Failure Syndromes | 523 | ||
| Assessment of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes | 525 | ||
| Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes | 527 | ||
| Potential New Therapies | 538 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 539 | ||
| References | 539 | ||
| Chapter 28: Management of Heart Failure Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction | 543 | ||
| Epidemiology | 543 | ||
| Causative Factors | 543 | ||
| Prognosis | 544 | ||
| Approach to the Patient | 547 | ||
| Management of Patients with Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Heart Failure | 549 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 568 | ||
| References | 568 | ||
| ? Guidelines Douglas L. Mann | 569 | ||
| Management of Heart Failure | 569 | ||
| Initial Patient Evaluation | 569 | ||
| Ongoing Assessment of Patients with Heart Failure | 570 | ||
| Treatment of Patients at High Risk of Developing Heart Failure (Stage A) | 570 | ||
| Treatment of Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction Who Have Not Developed Symptoms (Stage B) | 571 | ||
| Treatment of Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Current or Prior Symptoms (Stage C) | 572 | ||
| Treatment of Patients with Refractory End-Stage Heart Failure (Stage D) | 573 | ||
| The Hospitalized Patient | 574 | ||
| Special Populations and Concomitant Disorders | 575 | ||
| Diastolic Dysfunction | 576 | ||
| End-of-Life Care | 576 | ||
| References | 577 | ||
| Chapter 29: Devices for Monitoring and Managing Heart Failure | 578 | ||
| Ventricular Dyssynchrony: The Target of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | 578 | ||
| Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure | 582 | ||
| Implantable Devices to Monitor Heart Failure | 583 | ||
| Summary and Future Directions | 584 | ||
| References | 584 | ||
| Chapter 30: Heart Failure with Normal Ejection Fraction | 586 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 586 | ||
| Nomenclature and Classification | 586 | ||
| Epidemiology | 586 | ||
| Natural History | 586 | ||
| Clinical Features | 586 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 592 | ||
| Therapy | 597 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 599 | ||
| References | 599 | ||
| Chapter 31: Surgical Management of Heart Failure | 601 | ||
| Coronary Artery Revascularization | 601 | ||
| Valve Surgery in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction | 603 | ||
| Left Ventricular Reconstruction | 606 | ||
| Passive Cardiac Support Devices | 607 | ||
| Cardiac Transplantation | 608 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 615 | ||
| References | 615 | ||
| Chapter 32: Assisted Circulation in the Treatment of Heart Failure | 617 | ||
| History of Permanent Mechanical Circulatory Support | 617 | ||
| Theory and Definitions of Mechanical Circulatory Support | 617 | ||
| Classification and Description of Devices | 617 | ||
| Hemodynamic Unloading and Cardiac Structural Recovery | 618 | ||
| Clinical Cardiac Recovery | 618 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes with Chronic Mechanical Assistance | 619 | ||
| Selection of Patients and Prediction of Heart Failure Survival | 620 | ||
| Patient Factors Influencing Outcome | 620 | ||
| Surgical Considerations | 622 | ||
| Principles of Perioperative and Postoperative Care | 623 | ||
| Special Issues in Long-term Management | 624 | ||
| Total Artificial Heart | 624 | ||
| Percutaneous Mechanical Support | 624 | ||
| The Emerging Future of Mechanical Circulatory Support | 625 | ||
| References | 626 | ||
| Chapter 33: Emerging Therapies and Strategies in the Treatment of Heart Failure | 627 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Strategies | 627 | ||
| Pharmacologic Strategies | 637 | ||
| References | 641 | ||
| Chapter 34: Care of Patients with End-Stage Heart Disease | 644 | ||
| Epidemiology | 644 | ||
| Palliative Care | 644 | ||
| Assessment, Goals, and Care Planning | 645 | ||
| Interventions | 647 | ||
| Managing the Last Stages | 648 | ||
| Palliative Care Services | 650 | ||
| Outcome Measures | 650 | ||
| Resources | 651 | ||
| References | 651 | ||
| PART V: ARRHYTHMIAS, SUDDEN DEATH, AND SYNCOPE | 653 | ||
| Chapter 35: Genesis of Cardiac Arrhythmias: | 653 | ||
| Anatomy of the Cardiac Conduction System | 653 | ||
| Basic Electrophysiologic Principles | 660 | ||
| Mechanisms of Arrhythmogenesis | 672 | ||
| References | 684 | ||
| Chapter 36: Diagnosis of Cardiac Arrhythmias | 687 | ||
| History | 687 | ||
| Physical Examination | 687 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 689 | ||
| Additional Tests | 690 | ||
| Invasive Electrophysiologic Studies | 696 | ||
| Direct Cardiac Mapping: Recording Potentials Directly from the Heart | 699 | ||
| References | 701 | ||
| ? Guidelines | 702 | ||
| Ambulatory Electrocardiographic and Electrophysiologic Testing | 702 | ||
| References | 709 | ||
| Chapter 37: Therapy for Cardiac Arrhythmias | 710 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 710 | ||
| Electrotherapy of Cardiac Arrhythmias | 728 | ||
| Surgical Therapy for Tachyarrhythmias | 742 | ||
| References | 743 | ||
| Chapter 38: Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators | 745 | ||
| Background: Cardiac Electrical Stimulation | 745 | ||
| Sensing and Detection | 748 | ||
| Pacemaker Modes and Timing Cycles | 753 | ||
| Electrical Therapy for Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias | 755 | ||
| Indications | 756 | ||
| Troubleshooting Common Clinical Problems | 756 | ||
| Complications | 762 | ||
| Follow-up | 763 | ||
| References | 764 | ||
| ? Guidelines Charles D. Swerdlow, David L. Hayes, and Douglas P. Zipes | 765 | ||
| Cardiac Pacemakers and Cardioverter-Defibrillators | 765 | ||
| Indications for Permanent Pacing (Tables 38G-1 to 38G-10) | 765 | ||
| References | 770 | ||
| Chapter 39: Specific Arrhythmias: | 771 | ||
| Normal Sinus Rhythm | 771 | ||
| Tachyarrhythmias | 771 | ||
| Ventricular Rhythm Disturbances | 796 | ||
| Bradyarrhythmias | 813 | ||
| Atrioventricular Block (Heart Block) | 818 | ||
| Atrioventricular Dissociation | 822 | ||
| References | 823 | ||
| Chapter 40: Atrial Fibrillation: | 825 | ||
| Electrocardiographic Features | 825 | ||
| Classification of Atrial Fibrillation | 825 | ||
| Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation | 827 | ||
| Mechanisms of Atrial Fibrillation | 827 | ||
| Causes of Atrial Fibrillation | 827 | ||
| Clinical Features | 827 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 828 | ||
| Prevention of Thromboembolic Complications | 828 | ||
| Acute Management of Atrial Fibrillation | 830 | ||
| Long-Term Management of Atrial Fibrillation | 831 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Management of Atrial Fibrillation | 832 | ||
| Specific Clinical Syndromes | 835 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 836 | ||
| References | 836 | ||
| ? Guidelines Fred Morady and Douglas P. Zipes | 838 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation | 838 | ||
| Classification of Atrial Fibrillation | 838 | ||
| Management of Atrial Fibrillation | 838 | ||
| Pharmacologic Rate Control During Atrial Fibrillation (Table 40G-1) | 838 | ||
| Prevention of Thromboembolism (Table 40G-2) | 838 | ||
| Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation (Table 40G-3) | 838 | ||
| Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm (Table 40G-4) | 839 | ||
| Special Considerations (Table 40G-5) | 839 | ||
| References | 844 | ||
| Chapter 41: Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death | 845 | ||
| Perspective | 845 | ||
| Definitions | 845 | ||
| Epidemiology | 846 | ||
| Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death | 852 | ||
| Pathology and Pathophysiology | 860 | ||
| Clinical Features of the Patient with Cardiac Arrest | 863 | ||
| Management of Cardiac Arrest | 866 | ||
| Prevention of Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death | 875 | ||
| Sudden Death and Public Safety | 880 | ||
| References | 881 | ||
| Chapter 42: Hypotension and Syncope | 885 | ||
| Definition | 885 | ||
| Classification | 885 | ||
| Vascular Causes of Syncope | 886 | ||
| Cardiac Causes of Syncope | 887 | ||
| Neurologic Causes of Transient Loss of Consciousness (see Chaps. 62 and 92) | 888 | ||
| Metabolic Causes of Transient Loss of Consciousness | 888 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 888 | ||
| Approach to the Evaluation of Patients with Syncope | 892 | ||
| Management of Patients | 893 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 894 | ||
| References | 895 | ||
| PART VI: PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY | 897 | ||
| Chapter 43: The Vascular Biology of Atherosclerosis | 897 | ||
| Structure of the Normal Artery | 897 | ||
| Atherosclerosis Initiation | 900 | ||
| Evolution of Atheroma | 904 | ||
| Complication of Atherosclerosis | 906 | ||
| Special Cases of Arteriosclerosis | 910 | ||
| References | 913 | ||
| Chapter 44: Risk Markers for Atherothrombotic Disease | 914 | ||
| Conventional Risk Factors | 914 | ||
| Novel Atherosclerotic Risk Markers | 922 | ||
| Future Directions in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment | 928 | ||
| References | 931 | ||
| Chapter 45: Systemic Hypertension: | 935 | ||
| Definition, Prevalence, Variability, and Determinants of Hypertension | 935 | ||
| Mechanisms of Primary (Essential) Hypertension | 937 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Hypertensive Heart Disease | 941 | ||
| Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation of Hypertension | 943 | ||
| Adrenal and Other Causes of Hypertension (see Chap. 86) | 948 | ||
| Special Considerations for Hypertensive Diseases in Women (see Chap. 81) | 950 | ||
| Hypertensive Crisis | 952 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 953 | ||
| References | 953 | ||
| Chapter 46: Systemic Hypertension: | 955 | ||
| Benefits of Therapy | 955 | ||
| Lifestyle Modifications | 956 | ||
| Antihypertensive Drug Therapy | 959 | ||
| Special Therapeutic Considerations | 968 | ||
| Therapy for Hypertensive Crises | 970 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 971 | ||
| References | 971 | ||
| ? Guidelines Norman M. Kaplan | 972 | ||
| Treatment of Hypertension | 972 | ||
| References | 974 | ||
| Chapter 47: Lipoprotein Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease | 975 | ||
| Lipoprotein Transport System | 975 | ||
| Lipoprotein Disorders | 982 | ||
| Drugs That Affect Lipid Metabolism | 986 | ||
| Clinical Trials of Drugs Affecting Lipoprotein Metabolism | 989 | ||
| Approach to the Treatment of Lipoprotein Disorders | 992 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 994 | ||
| References | 994 | ||
| Chapter 48: Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease | 996 | ||
| Macronutrients | 996 | ||
| Foods | 1000 | ||
| Beverages | 1003 | ||
| Micronutrients | 1003 | ||
| Further Considerations | 1004 | ||
| References | 1007 | ||
| Chapter 49: Primary and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease | 1010 | ||
| Using Risk Factor Information | 1010 | ||
| Class 1 Interventions | 1014 | ||
| Class 2 Interventions | 1021 | ||
| Class 3 Interventions | 1026 | ||
| Summary of Recommendations | 1028 | ||
| Future Challenges | 1031 | ||
| References | 1033 | ||
| Chapter 50: Exercise-Based, Comprehensive Cardiac Rehabilitation | 1036 | ||
| Historical Perspective | 1036 | ||
| Basic Principles of Exercise Physiology and of Exercise Training (see Chaps. 14 and 83) | 1036 | ||
| Effects of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Training on Morbidity and Mortality in Cardiac Patients | 1037 | ||
| Practical Aspects of Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs | 1039 | ||
| Other Components of Comprehensive Cardiac Rehabilitation | 1040 | ||
| Insurance Coverage | 1041 | ||
| Current Problems with Cardiac Rehabilitation | 1041 | ||
| The Future of Cardiac Rehabilitation | 1041 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 1041 | ||
| References | 1041 | ||
| Chapter 51: Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Management of Patients with Heart Disease | 1042 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Definitions, Prevalence, and Reasons for Use | 1042 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Congestive Heart Failure (see Chaps. 26 and 27) | 1042 | ||
| Coronary Heart Disease (see Chaps. 53-57) | 1042 | ||
| Other Types of Heart Disease | 1046 | ||
| Conclusions | 1046 | ||
| References | 1046 | ||
| PART VII: ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE | 1049 | ||
| Chapter 52: Coronary Blood Flow and Myocardial Ischemia | 1049 | ||
| Control of Coronary Blood Flow | 1049 | ||
| Physiologic Assessment of Coronary Artery Stenoses | 1058 | ||
| Coronary Collateral Circulation | 1064 | ||
| Metabolic and Functional Consequences of Ischemia | 1066 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 1072 | ||
| References | 1074 | ||
| Chapter 53: Approach to the Patient with Chest Pain | 1076 | ||
| Causes of Acute Chest Pain | 1076 | ||
| Diagnostic Considerations | 1078 | ||
| Immediate Management | 1080 | ||
| References | 1085 | ||
| Chapter 54: ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: | 1087 | ||
| Changing Patterns in Clinical Care | 1087 | ||
| Improvements in Outcome | 1087 | ||
| Pathology | 1088 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1095 | ||
| Clinical Features | 1100 | ||
| References | 1109 | ||
| Chapter 55: ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: | 1111 | ||
| Prehospital and Initial Management | 1111 | ||
| Hospital Management | 1133 | ||
| Hemodynamic Disturbances | 1140 | ||
| Arrhythmias | 1151 | ||
| Emerging Therapies | 1165 | ||
| References | 1167 | ||
| ? Guidelines Stephen D. Wiviott and Elliott M. Antman | 1171 | ||
| Management of Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction | 1171 | ||
| Pre-Stemi Goals, Early Risk Stratification, and Management | 1171 | ||
| Initial Recognition and Evaluation in the Emergency Department | 1171 | ||
| Hospital Management | 1173 | ||
| Complications Following Stemi | 1173 | ||
| Convalescence, Discharge, and Post–Myocardial Infarction Care | 1175 | ||
| Secondary Prevention and Long-Term Management | 1177 | ||
| References | 1177 | ||
| Chapter 56: Unstable Angina and Non– ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction | 1178 | ||
| Definition | 1178 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1178 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1179 | ||
| Risk Stratification | 1182 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 1185 | ||
| Treatment Strategies and Interventions | 1192 | ||
| Prinzmetal Variant Angina | 1195 | ||
| References | 1198 | ||
| ? Guidelines Christopher P. Cannon and Eugene Braunwald | 1201 | ||
| Unstable Angina and Non–ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction | 1201 | ||
| Early Risk Stratification and Management | 1201 | ||
| Hospital Care | 1201 | ||
| Later Risk Stratification and Management | 1203 | ||
| Hospital Discharge and Posthospital Discharge Care | 1203 | ||
| References | 1209 | ||
| Chapter 57: Stable Ischemic Heart Disease | 1210 | ||
| Magnitude of the Problem | 1210 | ||
| Stable Angina Pectoris | 1210 | ||
| Evaluation and Management | 1213 | ||
| Other Manifestations of Coronary Artery Disease | 1249 | ||
| References | 1254 | ||
| ? Guidelines David A. Morrow and William E. Boden | 1258 | ||
| Chronic Stable Angina | 1258 | ||
| Overview | 1258 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1258 | ||
| References | 1269 | ||
| Chapter 58: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | 1270 | ||
| Indications for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | 1270 | ||
| Vascular Access | 1276 | ||
| Coronary Devices | 1277 | ||
| Antiplatelet Agents (see Chap. 87) | 1282 | ||
| Antithrombin Agents | 1283 | ||
| Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | 1284 | ||
| Future Directions | 1287 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 1287 | ||
| References | 1287 | ||
| ? Guidelines Jeffrey J. Popma and Deepak L. Bhatt | 1290 | ||
| Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | 1290 | ||
| References | 1300 | ||
| Chapter 59: Percutaneous Therapies for Structural Heart Disease in Adults | 1301 | ||
| Non-Valvular Therapies | 1301 | ||
| Valvular Therapies | 1304 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 1307 | ||
| References | 1307 | ||
| Chapter 60: Diseases of the Aorta | 1309 | ||
| The Normal Aorta | 1309 | ||
| Aortic Aneurysms | 1310 | ||
| Aortic Dissection | 1319 | ||
| Aortic Dissection Variants | 1332 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 1335 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 1336 | ||
| References | 1336 | ||
| Chapter 61: Peripheral Artery Diseases | 1338 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1338 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1340 | ||
| Testing in Peripheral Artery Disease | 1342 | ||
| Prognosis | 1346 | ||
| Treatment | 1347 | ||
| Vasculitis | 1351 | ||
| Thromboangiitis Obliterans | 1351 | ||
| Takayasu Arteritis and Giant Cell Arteritis | 1353 | ||
| Fibromuscular Dysplasia | 1353 | ||
| Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome | 1353 | ||
| Acute Limb Ischemia | 1353 | ||
| Atheroembolism | 1354 | ||
| References | 1356 | ||
| Chapter 62: Prevention and Management of Stroke | 1359 | ||
| Medical Therapy for Stroke Prevention | 1359 | ||
| Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke | 1364 | ||
| References | 1367 | ||
| Chapter 63: Endovascular Treatment of Noncoronary Obstructive Vascular Disease | 1368 | ||
| Endovascular Therapy for Atherosclerotic Peripheral Artery Disease | 1368 | ||
| Obstructive Venous Disease | 1387 | ||
| Conclusion | 1389 | ||
| References | 1389 | ||
| Chapter 64: Diabetes and the Cardiovascular System | 1392 | ||
| Scope of the Problem | 1392 | ||
| Coronary Heart Disease in the Patient with Diabetes | 1392 | ||
| Heart Failure in the Patient with Diabetes (see Chaps. 25 to 28) | 1405 | ||
| Summary and Future Directions | 1407 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 1407 | ||
| References | 1407 | ||
| PART VIII: DISEASES OF THE HEART, PERICARDIUM, AND PULMONARY VASCULATURE BED | 1411 | ||
| Chapter 65: Congenital Heart Disease | 1411 | ||
| Etiology | 1412 | ||
| Prevention | 1413 | ||
| Anatomy and Embryology | 1413 | ||
| Pathologic Consequences of Congenital Cardiac Lesions | 1416 | ||
| Evaluation of the Patient with Congenital Heart Disease | 1421 | ||
| Specific Cardiac Defects | 1426 | ||
| Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Lesions | 1461 | ||
| References | 1465 | ||
| Chapter 66: Valvular Heart Disease | 1468 | ||
| Aortic Valve Disease | 1468 | ||
| Mitral Valve Disease | 1490 | ||
| Tricuspid, Pulmonic, and Multivalvular Disease | 1514 | ||
| Prosthetic Cardiac Valves | 1521 | ||
| References | 1527 | ||
| ? Guidelines Robert O. Bonow and Catherine M. Otto* | 1530 | ||
| Management of Valvular Heart Disease | 1530 | ||
| Aortic Stenosis | 1530 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization | 1531 | ||
| Aortic Valve Replacement | 1532 | ||
| Aortic Regurgitation | 1532 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 1533 | ||
| PART IX: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS | 1727 | ||
| Chapter 80: Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly | 1727 | ||
| Demographics and Epidemiology | 1727 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1728 | ||
| Medication Therapy: Modifications for the Older Patient | 1729 | ||
| Vascular Disease | 1735 | ||
| Heart Failure (see Chaps. 25 to 30) | 1745 | ||
| Arrhythmias | 1748 | ||
| Valvular Disease (see Chap. 66) | 1750 | ||
| Future Directions | 1752 | ||
| References | 1753 | ||
| Chapter 81: Cardiovascular Disease in Women | 1757 | ||
| Background | 1757 | ||
| Scope of the Problem | 1757 | ||
| Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors and Risk Factor Modification (see Chaps. 1, 2, 44, and 49) | 1758 | ||
| Presentation with Acute Coronary Disease (see Chap. 53) | 1760 | ||
| Heart Failure (see Chaps. 26 to 30) | 1765 | ||
| Peripheral Arterial Disease (see Chap. 61) | 1766 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 1767 | ||
| References | 1767 | ||
| Chapter 82: Pregnancy and Heart Disease | 1770 | ||
| Hemodynamic Changes | 1770 | ||
| Evaluation | 1771 | ||
| Management During Pregnancy | 1772 | ||
| Cardiovascular Diseases | 1772 | ||
| Cardiovascular Drug Therapy (see Chap. 10) | 1778 | ||
| Contraception | 1779 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 1780 | ||
| References | 1780 | ||
| ? Guidelines Carole A. Warnes and Thomas H. Lee | 1780 | ||
| Pregnancy and Heart Disease | 1780 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation | 1780 | ||
| Valvular Disease | 1781 | ||
| Mitral Stenosis | 1781 | ||
| Mitral Regurgitation | 1781 | ||
| Aortic Stenosis | 1781 | ||
| Aortic Regurgitation | 1781 | ||
| Endocarditis Prophylaxis | 1781 | ||
| Supraventricular Tachycardias | 1781 | ||
| Stroke | 1782 | ||
| Hypertension | 1782 | ||
| Anticoagulation | 1782 | ||
| References | 1783 | ||
| Chapter 83: Exercise and Sports Cardiology | 1784 | ||
| Physical Activity, Exercise, and Sports | 1784 | ||
| Benefits of Exercise | 1785 | ||
| Risks of Exercise | 1785 | ||
| Exercise Prescription for Health and Fitness | 1787 | ||
| Screening | 1788 | ||
| Exercise and Sports in Persons with Cardiovascular Disease | 1790 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 1791 | ||
| References | 1792 | ||
| Chapter 84: Medical Management of the Patient Undergoing Cardiac Surgery | 1793 | ||
| Organization of the Program | 1793 | ||
| Preoperative Risk Analysis | 1793 | ||
| Preoperative Medical Conditions | 1796 | ||
| Preoperative Risk Calculation | 1797 | ||
| The “Normal” Postoperative Convalescence | 1798 | ||
| Postoperative Morbidity | 1800 | ||
| References | 1808 | ||
| Chapter 85: Anesthesia and Noncardiac Surgery in Patients with Heart Disease | 1811 | ||
| Assessment of Risk | 1811 | ||
| Valvular Heart Disease | 1812 | ||
| Congenital Heart Disease in Adults | 1813 | ||
| Arrhythmias | 1813 | ||
| Diagnostic and Nondiagnostic Testing | 1814 | ||
| Anesthesia Used in Cardiac Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery | 1817 | ||
| Postoperative Management | 1818 | ||
| Surveillance and Implications of Perioperative Cardiac Complications | 1818 | ||
| Reducing Cardiac Risk of Noncardiac Surgery | 1819 | ||
| References | 1823 | ||
| ? Guidelines Lee A. Fleisher and Joshua Beckman | 1824 | ||
| Reducing Cardiac Risk with Noncardiac Surgery | 1824 | ||
| Ancillary Testing | 1824 | ||
| Risk Reduction Interventions | 1824 | ||
| References | 1828 | ||
| PART X: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND DISORDERS OF OTHER ORGANS | 1829 | ||
| Chapter 86: Endocrine Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease | 1829 | ||
| Pituitary Gland | 1829 | ||
| Adrenal Gland | 1830 | ||
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Cortisol | 1830 | ||
| Cushing Disease | 1831 | ||
| Hyperaldosteronism | 1832 | ||
| Addison Disease | 1832 | ||
| Parathyroid Disease | 1833 | ||
| Thyroid Gland | 1833 | ||
| Pheochromocytoma | 1841 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 1841 | ||
| References | 1842 | ||
| Chapter 87: Hemostasis, Thrombosis, Fibrinolysis, and Cardiovascular Disease | 1844 | ||
| Hemostatic System | 1844 | ||
| Thrombosis | 1849 | ||
| Treatment of Thrombosis | 1853 | ||
| Conclusions and Future Directions | 1865 | ||
| References | 1866 | ||
| Chapter 88: Rheumatic Fever | 1868 | ||
| Epidemiology | 1868 | ||
| Pathobiology | 1868 | ||
| Pathology | 1869 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1869 | ||
| Treatment | 1872 | ||
| Future Directions | 1874 | ||
| References | 1874 | ||
| Chapter 89: Rheumatic Diseases and the Cardiovascular System | 1876 | ||
| Vasculitis | 1876 | ||
| Vasculitis of Small or Medium-Sized Vessels That May Affect the Cardiovascular System | 1881 | ||
| Systemic Rheumatologic Disorders | 1883 | ||
| Cardiovascular Risk in Rheumatic Diseases | 1890 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 1891 | ||
| References | 1891 | ||
| Chapter 90: The Cancer Patient and Cardiovascular Disease | 1893 | ||
| Direct Complications of Neoplasia | 1893 | ||
| Indirect Cardiovascular Complications of Neoplasia | 1896 | ||
| Cardiovascular Complications of Cancer Therapeutic Agents | 1896 | ||
| Management of Heart Failure Induced by Cancer Therapeutic Agents | 1902 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 1902 | ||
| References | 1902 | ||
| Chapter 91: Psychiatric and Behavioral Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease | 1904 | ||
| Stress, Emotions, and Cardiovascular Disease: General Considerations | 1904 | ||
| Acute Stress | 1905 | ||
| Chronic Stress | 1906 | ||
| Emotional Factors and Psychiatric Diagnoses | 1908 | ||
| Other Psychosocial Characteristics and Personality Traits | 1909 | ||
| Psychiatric Care of the Cardiac Patient | 1909 | ||
| References | 1914 | ||
| Chapter 92: Neurologic Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease | 1916 | ||
| Muscular Dystrophies | 1916 | ||
| Friedreich Ataxia | 1926 | ||
| Less Common Neuromuscular Diseases Associated with Cardiac Manifestations | 1927 | ||
| Epilepsy | 1930 | ||
| Acute Cerebrovascular Disease | 1930 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 1931 | ||
| References | 1933 | ||
| Chapter 93: Interface Between Renal Disease and Cardiovascular Illness | 1934 | ||
| Cardiorenal Intersection | 1934 | ||
| Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury | 1937 | ||
| Acceleration of Vascular Calcification | 1940 | ||
| Renal Disease and Hypertension | 1941 | ||
| Acute Coronary Syndromes | 1941 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1943 | ||
| Renal Function and Arrhythmias | 1945 | ||
| Consultative Approach to the Hemodialysis Patient | 1945 | ||
| Summary | 1946 | ||
| References | 1947 | ||
| Chapter 94: Cardiovascular Manifestations of Autonomic Disorders | 1949 | ||
| Overview of Neural Circulatory Control | 1949 | ||
| Autonomic Testing | 1950 | ||
| Autonomic Dysregulation | 1952 | ||
| Orthostatic Intolerance | 1953 | ||
| Variants of Neurocardiogenic Syncope | 1956 | ||
| Disorders of Increased Sympathetic Outflow | 1957 | ||
| Disorders of Increased Parasympathetic Tone | 1960 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 1960 | ||
| References | 1960 | ||
| Disclosure Index | DI-1 | ||
| Relationship Codes | DI-1 | ||
| Institution and Company Codes | DI-1 | ||
| Contributors | DI-2 | ||
| Index | I-1 |