Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
It didn’t take long for students around the world to realize that anatomy texts just don’t get any better than Gray’s Anatomy for Students. Only in its 2nd edition, this already popular, clinically focused reference has moved far ahead of the competition and is highly recommended by anyone who uses it. A team of authors with a wealth of diverse teaching and clinical experience has updated and revised this new edition to efficiently cover what you’re learning in contemporary anatomy classes. An improved format, updated clinical material, and remarkable artwork by renowned illustrators Richard Tibbitts and Paul Richardson make anatomy easier than ever for you to master. Unique coverage of surface anatomy, correlative diagnostic images, and clinical case studies demonstrate practical applications of anatomical concepts. And, an international advisory board, comprised of more than 100 instructors, ensures that the material is accurate, up to date, and easy to use.
- Uses more than 1,000 innovative original illustrations— by renowned illustrators Richard Tibbitts and Paul Richardson—to capture anatomical features with unrivalled clarity, and makes body structures easy to locate and remember from one illustration to another through consistent use of color.
- Includes over 300 clinical photographs, including radiological images depicting surface anatomy and common clinical applications of anatomic knowledge.
- Presents an organization by body region that parallels the approach used in most of today’s anatomy courses.
- Features conceptual overviews summarizing each body region's component parts, functions, and relationship to other bodily organs.
- Uses clinical cases to underscore the real-life relevance of the material.
- Features a rewritten abdomen section for greater clarity.
- Provides updates and revisions to clinical material to provide you with the absolute latest knowledge in the field.
- Includes expanded discussions of cranial nerves for added clinical relevancy.
- Uses a new internal design and presents an improved index for easier retrieval of information.
- Provides more information on the general aspects of anatomy via introduction chapter.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Ad page | 1 | ||
| Gray’s Anatomy for Students | i | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Editorial review board | v | ||
| Acknowledgments | ix | ||
| Preface | x | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| About the book | xiii | ||
| The idea | xiii | ||
| The book | xiii | ||
| Organization | xiii | ||
| Content | xiii | ||
| What the book does not contain | xiv | ||
| Terminology | xiv | ||
| Anatomical use of adverbs | xv | ||
| Index of clinical content | xvi | ||
| Table of Contents | xxi | ||
| 1 The Body | Sec1:3 | ||
| What is anatomy? | Sec1:4 | ||
| How can gross anatomy be studied? | Sec1:4 | ||
| Important anatomical terms | Sec1:4 | ||
| The anatomical position | Sec1:4 | ||
| Anatomical planes | Sec1:6 | ||
| Terms to describe location | Sec1:6 | ||
| Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal), medial and lateral, superior and inferior | Sec1:6 | ||
| Proximal and distal, cranial and caudal, and rostral | Sec1:6 | ||
| Superficial and deep | Sec1:6 | ||
| Imaging | Sec1:7 | ||
| Diagnostic imaging techniques | Sec1:7 | ||
| Plain radiography | Sec1:7 | ||
| Contrast agents | Sec1:7 | ||
| Subtraction angiography | Sec1:8 | ||
| Ultrasound | Sec1:8 | ||
| Doppler ultrasound | Sec1:9 | ||
| Computed tomography | Sec1:9 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging | Sec1:9 | ||
| Nuclear medicine imaging | Sec1:10 | ||
| Positron emission tomography | Sec1:11 | ||
| IMAGE INTERPRETATION | Sec1:11 | ||
| Plain radiography | Sec1:12 | ||
| Chest radiograph | Sec1:12 | ||
| Abdominal radiograph | Sec1:12 | ||
| Gastrointestinal contrast examinations | Sec1:12 | ||
| Urological contrast studies | Sec1:12 | ||
| Computed tomography | Sec1:12 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging | Sec1:13 | ||
| Nuclear medicine imaging | Sec1:13 | ||
| SAFETY IN IMAGING | Sec1:13 | ||
| Body systems | Sec1:14 | ||
| SKELETAL SYSTEM | Sec1:14 | ||
| Cartilage | Sec1:14 | ||
| Bone | Sec1:15 | ||
| Joints | Sec1:20 | ||
| Synovial joints | Sec1:20 | ||
| Descriptions of synovial joints based on shape and movement | Sec1:21 | ||
| Specific types of synovial joints (Fig. 1.21) | Sec1:21 | ||
| Solid joints | Sec1:21 | ||
| SKIN AND FASCIAS | Sec1:26 | ||
| Skin | Sec1:26 | ||
| Fascia | Sec1:26 | ||
| MUSCULAR SYSTEM | Sec1:27 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | Sec1:29 | ||
| LYMPHATIC SYSTEM | Sec1:31 | ||
| Lymphatic vessels | Sec1:31 | ||
| Lymph nodes | Sec1:32 | ||
| Lymphatic trunks and ducts | Sec1:32 | ||
| NERVOUS SYSTEM | Sec1:34 | ||
| Central nervous system | Sec1:34 | ||
| Brain | Sec1:34 | ||
| Spinal cord | Sec1:34 | ||
| Meninges | Sec1:35 | ||
| Functional subdivisions of the cns | Sec1:35 | ||
| Somatic part of the nervous system | Sec1:35 | ||
| Dermatomes | Sec1:38 | ||
| Myotomes | Sec1:39 | ||
| Visceral part of the nervous system | Sec1:41 | ||
| Sympathetic system | Sec1:43 | ||
| Peripheral sympathetic innervation at the level of origin of the preganglionic fiber | Sec1:44 | ||
| Peripheral sympathetic innervation above or below the level of origin of the preganglionic fiber | Sec1:44 | ||
| Sympathetic innervation of thoracic and cervical viscera | Sec1:45 | ||
| Sympathetic innervation of the abdomen and pelvic regions and the adrenals | Sec1:46 | ||
| Parasympathetic system | Sec1:48 | ||
| Sacral preganglionic parasympathetic fibers | Sec1:49 | ||
| Cranial nerve preganglionic parasympathetic fibers | Sec1:49 | ||
| Visceral sensory innervation (visceral afferents) | Sec1:49 | ||
| Visceral sensory fibers accompany sympathetic fibers | Sec1:49 | ||
| Visceral sensory fibers accompany parasympathetic fibers | Sec1:49 | ||
| The enteric system | Sec1:49 | ||
| Nerve plexuses | Sec1:50 | ||
| Somatic plexuses | Sec1:50 | ||
| Visceral plexuses | Sec1:51 | ||
| OTHER SYSTEMS | Sec1:52 | ||
| Clinical cases | Sec1:53 | ||
| 2 Back | 55 | ||
| Conceptual overview | 56 | ||
| GENERAL DESCRIPTION | 56 | ||
| FUNCTIONS | 57 | ||
| Support | 57 | ||
| Movement | 57 | ||
| Protection of the nervous system | 58 | ||
| COMPONENT PARTS | 58 | ||
| Bones | 58 | ||
| A typical vertebra | 60 | ||
| Muscles | 60 | ||
| Vertebral canal | 62 | ||
| Spinal nerves | 63 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER REGIONS | 64 | ||
| Head | 64 | ||
| Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis | 65 | ||
| Limbs | 65 | ||
| KEY FEATURES | 65 | ||
| Long vertebral column and short spinal cord | 65 | ||
| Intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves | 66 | ||
| Innervation of the back | 66 | ||
| Regional anatomy | 67 | ||
| SKELETAL FRAMEWORK | 67 | ||
| Vertebrae | 67 | ||
| Typical vertebra | 71 | ||
| Cervical vertebrae | 72 | ||
| Atlas and axis | 72 | ||
| Thoracic vertebrae | 74 | ||
| Lumbar vertebrae | 74 | ||
| Sacrum | 74 | ||
| Coccyx | 75 | ||
| Intervertebral foramina | 75 | ||
| Posterior spaces between vertebral arches | 75 | ||
| JOINTS | 79 | ||
| Joints between vertebrae in the back | 79 | ||
| Symphyses between vertebral bodies (intervertebral discs) | 80 | ||
| Joints between vertebral arches (zygapophysial joints) | 80 | ||
| “Uncovertebral” joints | 80 | ||
| LIGAMENTS | 82 | ||
| Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments | 82 | ||
| Ligamenta flava | 82 | ||
| Supraspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae | 83 | ||
| Interspinous ligaments | 84 | ||
| BACK MUSCULATURE | 86 | ||
| Superficial group of back muscles | 86 | ||
| Trapezius | 89 | ||
| Latissimus dorsi | 90 | ||
| Levator scapulae | 90 | ||
| Rhomboid minor and rhomboid major | 91 | ||
| Intermediate group of back muscles | 92 | ||
| Deep group of back muscles | 93 | ||
| Thoracolumbar fascia | 94 | ||
| Spinotransversales muscles | 94 | ||
| Erector spinae muscles | 95 | ||
| Transversospinales muscles | 97 | ||
| Segmental muscles | 99 | ||
| Suboccipital muscles | 99 | ||
| SPINAL CORD | 101 | ||
| Vasculature | 102 | ||
| Arteries | 102 | ||
| Veins | 104 | ||
| Meninges | 104 | ||
| Spinal dura mater | 104 | ||
| Arachnoid mater | 104 | ||
| Subarachnoid space | 104 | ||
| Pia mater | 105 | ||
| Arrangement of structures in the vertebral canal | 106 | ||
| Spinal nerves | 107 | ||
| Nomenclature of spinal nerves | 108 | ||
| Surface anatomy | 112 | ||
| Back surface anatomy | 112 | ||
| Absence of lateral curvatures | 112 | ||
| Primary and secondary curvatures in the sagittal plane | 112 | ||
| Useful nonvertebral skeletal landmarks | 112 | ||
| How to identify specific vertebral spinous processes | 114 | ||
| Visualizing the inferior ends of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space | 115 | ||
| Identifying major muscles | 116 | ||
| Clinical cases | 118 | ||
| 3 Thorax | 123 | ||
| Conceptual overview | 124 | ||
| GENERAL DESCRIPTION | 124 | ||
| FUNCTIONS | 125 | ||
| Breathing | 125 | ||
| Protection of vital organs | 125 | ||
| Conduit | 125 | ||
| COMPONENT PARTS | 125 | ||
| Thoracic wall | 125 | ||
| Superior thoracic aperture | 126 | ||
| Inferior thoracic aperture | 126 | ||
| Diaphragm | 127 | ||
| Mediastinum | 128 | ||
| Pleural cavities | 128 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER REGIONS | 129 | ||
| Neck | 129 | ||
| Upper limb | 130 | ||
| Abdomen | 130 | ||
| Breast | 130 | ||
| KEY FEATURES | 130 | ||
| Vertebral level TIV/V | 130 | ||
| Venous shunts from left to right | 132 | ||
| Segmental neurovascular supply of thoracic wall | 132 | ||
| Sympathetic system | 134 | ||
| Flexible wall and inferior thoracic aperture | 134 | ||
| Innervation of the diaphragm | 134 | ||
| Regional anatomy | 137 | ||
| PECTORAL REGION | 137 | ||
| Breast | 137 | ||
| Arterial supply | 137 | ||
| Venous drainage | 137 | ||
| Innervation | 137 | ||
| Lymphatic drainage | 138 | ||
| Breast in men | 138 | ||
| Muscles of the pectoral region | 139 | ||
| Pectoralis major | 139 | ||
| Subclavius and pectoralis minor | 139 | ||
| THORACIC WALL | 141 | ||
| Skeletal framework | 141 | ||
| Thoracic vertebrae | 141 | ||
| A typical thoracic vertebra | 141 | ||
| Articulation with ribs | 141 | ||
| Ribs | 142 | ||
| Distinct features of upper and lower ribs | 143 | ||
| Rib I | 143 | ||
| Rib II | 144 | ||
| Rib X | 144 | ||
| Ribs XI and XII | 144 | ||
| Sternum | 144 | ||
| Manubrium of sternum | 144 | ||
| Body of the sternum | 144 | ||
| Xiphoid process | 144 | ||
| Joints | 145 | ||
| Costovertebral joints | 145 | ||
| Joint with head of rib | 145 | ||
| Costotransverse joints | 145 | ||
| Sternocostal joints | 146 | ||
| Interchondral joints | 146 | ||
| Manubriosternal and xiphisternal joints | 146 | ||
| Intercostal spaces | 147 | ||
| Muscles | 148 | ||
| Intercostal muscles | 149 | ||
| External intercostal muscles | 150 | ||
| Internal intercostal muscles | 150 | ||
| Innermost intercostal muscles | 151 | ||
| Subcostales | 151 | ||
| Transversus thoracis muscles | 151 | ||
| Arterial supply | 151 | ||
| Posterior intercostal arteries | 151 | ||
| Anterior intercostal arteries | 152 | ||
| Venous drainage | 153 | ||
| Lymphatic drainage | 154 | ||
| Innervation | 154 | ||
| Intercostal nerves | 154 | ||
| DIAPHRAGM | 156 | ||
| Arterial supply | 157 | ||
| Venous drainage | 158 | ||
| Innervation | 158 | ||
| MOVEMENTS OF THE THORACIC WALL AND DIAPHRAGM DURING BREATHING | 158 | ||
| PLEURAL CAVITIES | 159 | ||
| Pleura | 159 | ||
| Parietal pleura | 159 | ||
| Peripheral reflections | 160 | ||
| Visceral pleura | 161 | ||
| Pleural recesses | 162 | ||
| Costomediastinal recesses | 162 | ||
| Costodiaphragmatic recesses | 162 | ||
| Lungs | 163 | ||
| Root and hilum | 163 | ||
| Right lung | 164 | ||
| Left lung | 166 | ||
| Bronchial tree | 168 | ||
| Bronchopulmonary segments | 169 | ||
| Pulmonary arteries | 170 | ||
| Right pulmonary artery | 170 | ||
| Left pulmonary artery | 170 | ||
| Pulmonary veins | 170 | ||
| Bronchial arteries and veins | 170 | ||
| Innervation | 172 | ||
| Lymphatic drainage | 172 | ||
| MEDIASTINUM | 176 | ||
| Middle mediastinum | 177 | ||
| Pericardium | 177 | ||
| Fibrous pericardium | 177 | ||
| Serous pericardium | 178 | ||
| Vessels and nerves | 178 | ||
| Heart | 180 | ||
| Cardiac orientation | 180 | ||
| Base (posterior surface) and apex | 180 | ||
| Surfaces of the heart | 180 | ||
| Margins and borders | 182 | ||
| External sulci | 183 | ||
| Cardiac chambers | 185 | ||
| Right atrium | 186 | ||
| Right ventricle | 187 | ||
| Tricuspid valve | 187 | ||
| Pulmonary valve | 188 | ||
| Left atrium | 189 | ||
| Left ventricle | 190 | ||
| Mitral valve | 191 | ||
| Aortic valve | 191 | ||
| Cardiac skeleton | 192 | ||
| Coronary vasculature | 192 | ||
| Coronary arteries | 194 | ||
| Right coronary artery. | 194 | ||
| Left coronary artery. | 194 | ||
| Variations in the distribution patterns of coronary arteries. | 194 | ||
| Cardiac veins | 198 | ||
| Great cardiac vein. | 198 | ||
| Middle cardiac vein. | 198 | ||
| Small cardiac vein. | 198 | ||
| Posterior cardiac vein. | 198 | ||
| Other cardiac veins. | 198 | ||
| Coronary lymphatics | 200 | ||
| Cardiac conduction system | 200 | ||
| Sinu-atrial node | 200 | ||
| Atrioventricular node | 200 | ||
| Atrioventricular bundle | 200 | ||
| Cardiac innervation | 200 | ||
| Parasympathetic innervation | 203 | ||
| Sympathetic innervation | 203 | ||
| Visceral afferents | 203 | ||
| Pulmonary trunk | 203 | ||
| Ascending aorta | 204 | ||
| Other vasculature | 204 | ||
| Superior mediastinum | 204 | ||
| Thymus | 206 | ||
| Right and left brachiocephalic veins | 206 | ||
| Left superior intercostal vein | 207 | ||
| Superior vena cava | 207 | ||
| Arch of aorta and its branches | 209 | ||
| The first branch | 209 | ||
| The second branch | 210 | ||
| The third branch | 210 | ||
| Ligamentum arteriosum | 210 | ||
| Trachea and esophagus | 211 | ||
| Nerves of the superior mediastinum | 211 | ||
| Vagus nerves | 211 | ||
| Right vagus nerve | 212 | ||
| Left vagus nerve | 213 | ||
| Phrenic nerves | 214 | ||
| Right phrenic nerve | 214 | ||
| Left phrenic nerve | 214 | ||
| Thoracic duct in the superior mediastinum | 215 | ||
| Posterior mediastinum | 215 | ||
| Esophagus | 215 | ||
| Relationships to important structures in the posterior mediastinum | 215 | ||
| Arterial supply and venous and lymphatic drainage | 216 | ||
| Innervation | 216 | ||
| Esophageal plexus | 217 | ||
| Thoracic aorta | 217 | ||
| Azygos system of veins | 218 | ||
| Azygos vein | 218 | ||
| Hemiazygos vein | 220 | ||
| Accessory hemiazygos vein | 220 | ||
| Thoracic duct in the posterior mediastinum | 220 | ||
| Sympathetic trunks | 221 | ||
| Branches from the ganglia | 222 | ||
| Anterior mediastinum | 223 | ||
| Surface anatomy | 224 | ||
| Thorax surface anatomy | 224 | ||
| How to count ribs | 224 | ||
| Surface anatomy of the breast in women | 225 | ||
| Visualizing structures at the TIV/V vertebral level | 226 | ||
| Visualizing structures in the superior mediastinum | 227 | ||
| Visualizing the margins of the heart | 227 | ||
| Where to listen for heart sounds | 228 | ||
| Visualizing the pleural cavities and lungs, pleural recesses, and lung lobes and fissures | 228 | ||
| Where to listen for lung sounds | 229 | ||
| Clinical cases | 233 | ||
| 4 Abdomen | 245 | ||
| Conceptual overview | 246 | ||
| GENERAL DESCRIPTION | 246 | ||
| FUNCTIONS | 247 | ||
| Houses and protects major viscera | 247 | ||
| Breathing | 249 | ||
| Changes in intra-abdominal pressure | 249 | ||
| COMPONENT PARTS | 250 | ||
| Wall | 250 | ||
| Abdominal cavity | 251 | ||
| Inferior thoracic aperture | 253 | ||
| Diaphragm | 253 | ||
| Pelvic inlet | 254 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER REGIONS | 254 | ||
| Thorax | 254 | ||
| Pelvis | 254 | ||
| Lower limb | 255 | ||
| KEY FEATURES | 256 | ||
| Arrangement of abdominal viscera in the adult | 256 | ||
| Development of the foregut | 256 | ||
| Development of the midgut | 256 | ||
| Development of the hindgut | 259 | ||
| Skin and muscles of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall and thoracic intercostal nerves | 259 | ||
| The groin is a weak area in the anterior abdominal wall | 260 | ||
| Vertebral level LI | 262 | ||
| The gastrointestinal system and its derivatives are supplied by three major arteries | 262 | ||
| Venous shunts from left to right | 264 | ||
| All venous drainage from the gastrointestinal system passes through the liver | 265 | ||
| Portacaval anastomoses | 266 | ||
| Blockage of the hepatic portal vein or of vascular channels in the liver | 266 | ||
| Abdominal viscera are supplied by a large prevertebral plexus | 266 | ||
| Regional anatomy | 268 | ||
| SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY | 268 | ||
| Four-quadrant pattern | 268 | ||
| Nine-region pattern | 269 | ||
| ABDOMINAL WALL | 270 | ||
| Superficial fascia | 270 | ||
| Superficial layer | 270 | ||
| Deeper layer | 271 | ||
| Anterolateral muscles | 272 | ||
| Flat muscles | 272 | ||
| External oblique | 272 | ||
| Associated ligaments | 273 | ||
| Internal oblique | 274 | ||
| Transversus abdominis | 274 | ||
| Transversalis fascia | 275 | ||
| Vertical muscles | 276 | ||
| Rectus abdominis | 276 | ||
| Pyramidalis | 277 | ||
| Rectus sheath | 277 | ||
| Extraperitoneal fascia | 278 | ||
| Peritoneum | 279 | ||
| Innervation | 279 | ||
| Arterial supply and venous drainage | 280 | ||
| Lymphatic drainage | 282 | ||
| GROIN | 282 | ||
| Inguinal canal | 284 | ||
| Deep inguinal ring | 284 | ||
| Superficial inguinal ring | 284 | ||
| Anterior wall | 285 | ||
| Posterior wall | 285 | ||
| Roof | 286 | ||
| Floor | 286 | ||
| Contents | 286 | ||
| Spermatic cord | 286 | ||
| Round ligament of the uterus | 288 | ||
| ABDOMINAL VISCERA | 292 | ||
| Peritoneum | 292 | ||
| Innervation of the peritoneum | 292 | ||
| Peritoneal cavity | 293 | ||
| Omenta, mesenteries, and ligaments | 295 | ||
| Omenta | 295 | ||
| Greater omentum | 295 | ||
| Lesser omentum | 295 | ||
| Mesenteries | 297 | ||
| Mesentery | 297 | ||
| Transverse mesocolon | 297 | ||
| Sigmoid mesocolon | 297 | ||
| Ligaments | 297 | ||
| Organs | 297 | ||
| Abdominal esophagus | 297 | ||
| Stomach | 298 | ||
| Small intestine | 300 | ||
| Duodenum | 300 | ||
| Jejunum | 301 | ||
| Ileum | 302 | ||
| Large intestine | 307 | ||
| Cecum and appendix | 308 | ||
| Colon | 310 | ||
| Rectum and anal canal | 312 | ||
| Liver | 316 | ||
| Diaphragmatic surface | 316 | ||
| Visceral surface | 317 | ||
| Associated ligaments | 317 | ||
| Lobes | 318 | ||
| Gallbladder | 319 | ||
| Pancreas | 320 | ||
| Duct system for bile | 323 | ||
| Spleen | 323 | ||
| Arterial supply | 327 | ||
| Anterior branches of the abdominal aorta | 327 | ||
| Celiac trunk | 329 | ||
| Left gastric artery | 329 | ||
| Splenic artery | 329 | ||
| Common hepatic artery | 331 | ||
| Superior mesenteric artery | 333 | ||
| Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery | 333 | ||
| Jejunal and ileal arteries | 333 | ||
| Middle colic artery | 333 | ||
| Right colic artery | 333 | ||
| Ileocolic artery | 333 | ||
| Inferior mesenteric artery | 335 | ||
| Left colic artery | 335 | ||
| Sigmoid arteries | 335 | ||
| Superior rectal artery | 335 | ||
| Venous drainage | 337 | ||
| Portal vein | 337 | ||
| Splenic vein | 338 | ||
| Superior mesenteric vein | 338 | ||
| Inferior mesenteric vein | 339 | ||
| Lymphatics | 341 | ||
| Innervation | 341 | ||
| Sympathetic trunks | 342 | ||
| Splanchnic nerves | 342 | ||
| Thoracic splanchnic nerves | 342 | ||
| Lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves | 343 | ||
| Pelvic splanchnic nerves | 344 | ||
| Abdominal prevertebral plexus and ganglia | 344 | ||
| Parasympathetic innervation | 345 | ||
| Vagus nerves | 345 | ||
| Pelvic splanchnic nerves | 345 | ||
| Enteric system | 345 | ||
| Sympathetic innervation of the stomach | 345 | ||
| POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL REGION | 348 | ||
| Posterior abdominal wall | 349 | ||
| Bones | 349 | ||
| Lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum | 349 | ||
| Pelvic bones | 349 | ||
| Ribs | 349 | ||
| Muscles | 349 | ||
| Psoas major and minor | 349 | ||
| Quadratus lumborum | 350 | ||
| Iliacus | 350 | ||
| Diaphragm | 351 | ||
| Structures passing through or around the diaphragm | 352 | ||
| Domes | 352 | ||
| Blood supply | 353 | ||
| Innervation | 353 | ||
| Viscera | 355 | ||
| Kidneys | 355 | ||
| Relationships to other structures | 356 | ||
| Renal fat and fascia | 356 | ||
| Kidney structure | 358 | ||
| Renal vasculature and lymphatics | 359 | ||
| Ureters | 359 | ||
| Ureteric vasculature and lymphatics | 361 | ||
| Ureteric innervation | 361 | ||
| Suprarenal glands | 365 | ||
| Suprarenal vasculature | 365 | ||
| Vasculature | 366 | ||
| Abdominal aorta | 366 | ||
| Visceral branches | 367 | ||
| Posterior branches | 368 | ||
| Inferior phrenic arteries | 368 | ||
| Lumbar arteries | 368 | ||
| Median sacral artery | 368 | ||
| Inferior vena cava | 370 | ||
| Lymphatic system | 372 | ||
| Pre-aortic and lateral aortic or lumbar nodes (para-aortic nodes) | 372 | ||
| Nervous system in the posterior abdominal region | 374 | ||
| Sympathetic trunks and splanchnic nerves | 374 | ||
| Abdominal prevertebral plexus and ganglia | 375 | ||
| Lumbar plexus | 378 | ||
| Iliohypogastric and ilio-inguinal nerves (L1) | 378 | ||
| Iliohypogastric nerve | 378 | ||
| Ilio-inguinal nerve | 379 | ||
| Genitofemoral nerve (L1 and L2) | 379 | ||
| Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (L2 and L3) | 381 | ||
| Obturator nerve (L2 to L4) | 381 | ||
| Femoral nerve (L2 to L4) | 381 | ||
| Surface anatomy | 382 | ||
| Abdomen surface anatomy | 382 | ||
| Defining the surface projection of the abdomen | 383 | ||
| How to find the superficial inguinal ring | 384 | ||
| How to determine lumbar vertebral levels | 385 | ||
| Visualizing structures at the LI vertebral level | 386 | ||
| Visualizing the position of major blood vessels | 387 | ||
| Using abdominal quadrants to locate major viscera | 388 | ||
| Defining surface regions to which pain from the gut is referred | 389 | ||
| Where to find the kidneys | 390 | ||
| Where to find the spleen | 390 | ||
| Clinical cases | 391 | ||
| 5 Pelvis and Perineum | 405 | ||
| Conceptual overview | 406 | ||
| GENERAL DESCRIPTION | 406 | ||
| FUNCTIONS | 406 | ||
| Contain and support bladder, rectum, anal canal, and reproductive tracts | 406 | ||
| Anchors the roots of the external genitalia | 408 | ||
| COMPONENT PARTS | 408 | ||
| Pelvic inlet | 408 | ||
| Pelvic walls | 409 | ||
| Pelvic outlet | 409 | ||
| Pelvic floor | 411 | ||
| Pelvic cavity | 411 | ||
| Perineum | 412 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER REGIONS | 414 | ||
| Abdomen | 414 | ||
| Lower limb | 414 | ||
| KEY FEATURES | 415 | ||
| The pelvic cavity projects posteriorly | 415 | ||
| Important structures cross the ureters in the pelvic cavity | 415 | ||
| The prostate is anterior to rectum | 417 | ||
| The perineum is innervated by sacral spinal cord segments | 417 | ||
| Nerves are related to bone | 418 | ||
| Parasympathetic innervation from spinal cord levels S2 to S4 controls erection | 418 | ||
| Muscles and fascia of the pelvic floor and perineum intersect at the perineal body | 419 | ||
| Gender determines the course of the urethra | 419 | ||
| Regional anatomy | 421 | ||
| PELVIS | 421 | ||
| Bones | 421 | ||
| Pelvic bone | 421 | ||
| Components of the pelvic bone | 423 | ||
| Ilium | 423 | ||
| Pubis | 424 | ||
| Ischium | 425 | ||
| Sacrum | 425 | ||
| Coccyx | 426 | ||
| Joints | 426 | ||
| Lumbosacral joints | 426 | ||
| Sacro-iliac joints | 426 | ||
| Pubic symphysis joint | 428 | ||
| Orientation | 428 | ||
| Gender differences | 428 | ||
| True pelvis | 429 | ||
| Pelvic inlet | 429 | ||
| Pelvic wall | 429 | ||
| Ligaments of the pelvic wall | 429 | ||
| Muscles of the pelvic wall | 430 | ||
| Obturator internus | 430 | ||
| Piriformis | 430 | ||
| Apertures in the pelvic wall | 431 | ||
| Obturator canal | 431 | ||
| Greater sciatic foramen | 431 | ||
| Lesser sciatic foramen | 432 | ||
| Pelvic outlet | 432 | ||
| Pelvic floor | 432 | ||
| The pelvic diaphragm | 432 | ||
| Levator ani | 435 | ||
| Coccygeus | 436 | ||
| The perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch | 436 | ||
| Perineal body | 438 | ||
| Viscera | 438 | ||
| Gastrointestinal system | 439 | ||
| Rectum | 439 | ||
| Anal canal | 439 | ||
| Urinary system | 441 | ||
| Ureters | 441 | ||
| Bladder | 441 | ||
| Neck of bladder | 442 | ||
| Urethra | 444 | ||
| In women | 444 | ||
| In men | 444 | ||
| Preprostatic part. | 444 | ||
| Prostatic part. | 445 | ||
| Membranous part. | 445 | ||
| Spongy urethra. | 446 | ||
| Reproductive system | 448 | ||
| In men | 448 | ||
| Testes | 448 | ||
| Epididymis | 448 | ||
| Ductus deferens | 450 | ||
| Seminal vesicle | 451 | ||
| Prostate | 451 | ||
| Bulbourethral glands | 452 | ||
| In women | 453 | ||
| Ovaries | 454 | ||
| Uterus | 455 | ||
| Uterine tubes | 455 | ||
| Cervix | 457 | ||
| Vagina | 458 | ||
| Fascia | 458 | ||
| In women | 458 | ||
| In men | 458 | ||
| Peritoneum | 460 | ||
| In women | 460 | ||
| Broad ligament | 460 | ||
| In men | 462 | ||
| Nerves | 462 | ||
| Somatic plexuses | 462 | ||
| Sacral and coccygeal plexuses | 462 | ||
| Sacral plexus | 463 | ||
| Sciatic nerve. | 465 | ||
| Pudendal nerve. | 465 | ||
| Other branches of the sacral plexus. | 466 | ||
| Coccygeal plexus | 466 | ||
| Visceral plexuses | 469 | ||
| Paravertebral sympathetic chain | 469 | ||
| Pelvic extensions of the prevertebral plexus | 469 | ||
| Sympathetic fibers | 471 | ||
| Parasympathetic fibers | 471 | ||
| Visceral afferent fibers | 471 | ||
| Blood vessels | 471 | ||
| Arteries | 471 | ||
| Internal iliac artery | 471 | ||
| Posterior trunk | 472 | ||
| Anterior trunk | 473 | ||
| Ovarian arteries | 474 | ||
| Median sacral artery | 475 | ||
| Veins | 477 | ||
| Lymphatics | 477 | ||
| PERINEUM | 478 | ||
| Borders and ceiling | 478 | ||
| Perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch | 480 | ||
| Ischio-anal fossae and their anterior recesses | 480 | ||
| Anal triangle | 480 | ||
| Urogenital triangle | 483 | ||
| Structures in the superficial perineal pouch | 483 | ||
| Erectile tissues | 483 | ||
| Clitoris | 483 | ||
| Penis | 484 | ||
| Erection | 485 | ||
| Greater vestibular glands | 485 | ||
| Muscles | 485 | ||
| Ischiocavernosus | 485 | ||
| Bulbospongiosus | 485 | ||
| Superficial transverse perineal muscles | 487 | ||
| Superficial features of the external genitalia | 487 | ||
| In women | 487 | ||
| In men | 488 | ||
| Superficial fascia of the urogenital triangle | 489 | ||
| Somatic nerves | 490 | ||
| Pudendal nerve | 490 | ||
| Other somatic nerves | 490 | ||
| Visceral nerves | 492 | ||
| Blood vessels | 492 | ||
| Arteries | 492 | ||
| Internal pudendal artery | 492 | ||
| Inferior rectal arteries | 492 | ||
| Perineal artery | 493 | ||
| Terminal part of the internal pudendal artery | 494 | ||
| External pudendal arteries | 494 | ||
| Testicular and cremasteric arteries | 494 | ||
| Veins | 494 | ||
| Lymphatics | 496 | ||
| Surface anatomy | 497 | ||
| Surface anatomy of the pelvis and perineum | 497 | ||
| Orientation of the pelvis and perineum in the anatomical position | 497 | ||
| How to define the margins of the perineum | 497 | ||
| Identification of structures in the anal triangle | 499 | ||
| Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle of women | 500 | ||
| Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle of men | 501 | ||
| Clinical cases | 504 | ||
| 6 Lower Limb | 511 | ||
| Conceptual overview | 512 | ||
| GENERAL INTRODUCTION | 512 | ||
| FUNCTION | 513 | ||
| Support the body weight | 513 | ||
| Locomotion | 515 | ||
| COMPONENT PARTS | 517 | ||
| Bones and joints | 517 | ||
| Muscles | 518 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER REGIONS | 520 | ||
| Abdomen | 520 | ||
| Pelvis | 521 | ||
| Perineum | 521 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 521 | ||
| Innervation is by lumbar and sacral spinal nerves | 521 | ||
| Nerves related to bone | 525 | ||
| Superficial veins | 525 | ||
| Regional anatomy | 526 | ||
| Bony pelvis | 526 | ||
| Ilium | 526 | ||
| Ischial tuberosity | 527 | ||
| Ischiopubic ramus and pubic bone | 528 | ||
| Acetabulum | 528 | ||
| Proximal femur | 529 | ||
| Greater and lesser trochanters | 529 | ||
| Intertrochanteric line | 529 | ||
| Intertrochanteric crest | 531 | ||
| Shaft of the femur | 531 | ||
| Hip joint | 532 | ||
| Ligaments | 534 | ||
| Gateways to the lower limb | 535 | ||
| Obturator canal | 535 | ||
| Greater sciatic foramen | 535 | ||
| Lesser sciatic foramen | 536 | ||
| Gap between the inguinal ligament and pelvic bone | 536 | ||
| Nerves | 537 | ||
| Femoral nerve | 537 | ||
| Obturator nerve | 538 | ||
| Sciatic nerve | 538 | ||
| Gluteal nerves | 539 | ||
| Ilio-inguinal and genitofemoral nerves | 540 | ||
| Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh | 540 | ||
| Nerve to quadratus femoris and nerve to obturator internus | 540 | ||
| Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh | 540 | ||
| Perforating cutaneous nerve | 540 | ||
| Arteries | 540 | ||
| Femoral artery | 540 | ||
| Superior and inferior gluteal arteries and the obturator artery | 540 | ||
| Veins | 542 | ||
| Lymphatics | 542 | ||
| Superficial inguinal nodes | 542 | ||
| Deep inguinal nodes | 542 | ||
| Popliteal nodes | 543 | ||
| Deep fascia and the saphenous opening | 544 | ||
| Fascia lata | 544 | ||
| Iliotibial tract | 545 | ||
| Saphenous opening | 545 | ||
| Femoral triangle | 545 | ||
| Femoral sheath | 547 | ||
| GLUTEAL REGION | 547 | ||
| Muscles | 548 | ||
| Deep group | 549 | ||
| Piriformis | 549 | ||
| Obturator internus | 549 | ||
| Gemellus superior and inferior | 550 | ||
| Quadratus femoris | 550 | ||
| Superficial group | 550 | ||
| Gluteus minimus and medius | 550 | ||
| Gluteus maximus | 550 | ||
| Tensor fasciae latae | 551 | ||
| Nerves | 551 | ||
| Superior gluteal nerve | 551 | ||
| Sciatic nerve | 552 | ||
| Nerve to quadratus femoris | 552 | ||
| Nerve to obturator internus | 552 | ||
| Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh | 553 | ||
| Pudendal nerve | 553 | ||
| Inferior gluteal nerve | 553 | ||
| Perforating cutaneous nerve | 554 | ||
| Arteries | 554 | ||
| Inferior gluteal artery | 554 | ||
| Superior gluteal artery | 554 | ||
| Veins | 554 | ||
| Lymphatics | 554 | ||
| THIGH | 555 | ||
| Bones | 555 | ||
| Shaft and distal end of femur | 556 | ||
| Patella | 558 | ||
| Proximal end of tibia | 558 | ||
| Tibial condyles and intercondylar areas | 558 | ||
| Tibial tuberosity | 560 | ||
| Shaft of tibia | 560 | ||
| Proximal end of fibula | 560 | ||
| Muscles | 561 | ||
| Anterior compartment | 561 | ||
| Iliopsoas—psoas major and iliacus | 562 | ||
| Quadriceps femoris—vastus medialis, intermedius, and lateralis, and rectus femoris | 562 | ||
| Vastus muscles | 562 | ||
| Rectus femoris | 563 | ||
| Patellar ligament | 564 | ||
| Sartorius | 564 | ||
| Medial compartment | 564 | ||
| Gracilis | 565 | ||
| Pectineus | 566 | ||
| Adductor longus | 566 | ||
| Adductor brevis | 567 | ||
| Adductor magnus | 567 | ||
| Obturator externus | 567 | ||
| Posterior compartment | 568 | ||
| Biceps femoris | 568 | ||
| Semitendinosus | 569 | ||
| Semimembranosus | 569 | ||
| Arteries | 569 | ||
| Femoral artery | 569 | ||
| Deep artery of thigh | 569 | ||
| Lateral circumflex femoral artery | 570 | ||
| Medial circumflex femoral artery | 570 | ||
| Perforating arteries | 570 | ||
| Obturator artery | 571 | ||
| Veins | 573 | ||
| Great saphenous vein | 573 | ||
| Nerves | 573 | ||
| Femoral nerve | 573 | ||
| Obturator nerve | 574 | ||
| Sciatic nerve | 574 | ||
| Tibial nerve | 574 | ||
| Common fibular nerve | 575 | ||
| Knee joint | 575 | ||
| Articular surfaces | 576 | ||
| Menisci | 576 | ||
| Synovial membrane | 577 | ||
| Fibrous membrane | 578 | ||
| Ligaments | 578 | ||
| Patellar ligament | 578 | ||
| Collateral ligaments | 579 | ||
| Cruciate ligaments | 579 | ||
| Locking mechanism | 581 | ||
| Vascular supply and innervation | 581 | ||
| Tibiofibular joint | 584 | ||
| Popliteal fossa | 584 | ||
| Contents | 585 | ||
| Tibial and common fibular nerves | 585 | ||
| Popliteal artery and vein | 585 | ||
| Roof of popliteal fossa | 585 | ||
| LEG | 585 | ||
| Bones | 586 | ||
| Shaft and distal end of tibia | 586 | ||
| Shaft and distal end of fibula | 587 | ||
| Joints | 588 | ||
| Interosseous membrane of leg | 588 | ||
| Posterior compartment of leg | 588 | ||
| Muscles | 588 | ||
| Superficial group | 588 | ||
| Gastrocnemius | 589 | ||
| Plantaris | 589 | ||
| Soleus | 589 | ||
| Deep group | 591 | ||
| Popliteus | 591 | ||
| Flexor hallucis longus | 591 | ||
| Flexor digitorum longus | 592 | ||
| Tibialis posterior | 592 | ||
| Arteries | 593 | ||
| Popliteal artery | 593 | ||
| Anterior tibial artery | 593 | ||
| Posterior tibial artery | 593 | ||
| Veins | 594 | ||
| Nerves | 594 | ||
| Tibial nerve | 594 | ||
| Sural nerve | 595 | ||
| Medial calcaneal nerve | 595 | ||
| Lateral compartment of leg | 595 | ||
| Muscles | 595 | ||
| Fibularis longus | 595 | ||
| Fibularis brevis | 596 | ||
| Arteries | 596 | ||
| Veins | 596 | ||
| Nerves | 596 | ||
| Superficial fibular nerve | 596 | ||
| Anterior compartment of leg | 596 | ||
| Muscles | 596 | ||
| Tibialis anterior | 596 | ||
| Extensor hallucis longus | 598 | ||
| Extensor digitorum longus | 598 | ||
| Fibularis tertius | 598 | ||
| Arteries | 598 | ||
| Anterior tibial artery | 598 | ||
| Veins | 599 | ||
| Nerves | 599 | ||
| Deep fibular nerve | 599 | ||
| FOOT | 600 | ||
| Bones | 600 | ||
| Tarsal bones | 600 | ||
| Proximal group | 601 | ||
| Talus | 602 | ||
| Calcaneus | 603 | ||
| Intermediate tarsal bone | 604 | ||
| Distal group | 604 | ||
| Metatarsals | 604 | ||
| Phalanges | 604 | ||
| Joints | 605 | ||
| Ankle joint | 605 | ||
| Medial ligament (deltoid ligament) | 606 | ||
| Lateral ligament | 607 | ||
| Intertarsal joints | 607 | ||
| Subtalar joint | 608 | ||
| Talocalcaneonavicular joint | 608 | ||
| Ligaments | 608 | ||
| Calcaneocuboid joint | 610 | ||
| Ligaments | 610 | ||
| Tarsometatarsal joints | 610 | ||
| Metatarsophalangeal joints | 611 | ||
| Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments | 611 | ||
| Interphalangeal joints | 612 | ||
| Tarsal tunnel, retinacula, and arrangement of major structures at the ankle | 612 | ||
| Flexor retinaculum | 612 | ||
| Extensor retinacula | 613 | ||
| Fibular retinacula | 613 | ||
| Arches of the foot | 614 | ||
| Longitudinal arch | 614 | ||
| Transverse arch | 614 | ||
| Ligament and muscle support | 614 | ||
| Plantar aponeurosis | 615 | ||
| Fibrous sheaths of toes | 615 | ||
| Extensor hoods | 616 | ||
| Intrinsic muscles | 616 | ||
| On the dorsal aspect | 617 | ||
| Extensor digitorum brevis (and extensor hallucis brevis) | 617 | ||
| In the sole | 617 | ||
| First layer | 617 | ||
| Abductor hallucis | 618 | ||
| Flexor digitorum brevis | 618 | ||
| Abductor digiti minimi | 618 | ||
| Second layer | 619 | ||
| Quadratus plantae | 619 | ||
| Lumbricals | 620 | ||
| Third layer | 620 | ||
| Flexor hallucis brevis | 620 | ||
| Adductor hallucis | 621 | ||
| Flexor digiti minimi brevis | 621 | ||
| Fourth layer | 621 | ||
| Dorsal interossei | 622 | ||
| Plantar interossei | 622 | ||
| Arteries | 622 | ||
| Posterior tibial artery and plantar arch | 622 | ||
| Lateral plantar artery | 622 | ||
| Medial plantar artery | 623 | ||
| Dorsalis pedis artery | 623 | ||
| Veins | 624 | ||
| Nerves | 624 | ||
| Tibial nerve | 625 | ||
| Medial plantar nerve | 625 | ||
| Lateral plantar nerve | 625 | ||
| Deep fibular nerve | 627 | ||
| Superficial fibular nerve | 627 | ||
| Sural nerve | 627 | ||
| Saphenous nerve | 627 | ||
| Surface anatomy | 628 | ||
| Lower limb surface anatomy | 628 | ||
| Avoiding the sciatic nerve | 628 | ||
| Finding the femoral artery in the femoral triangle | 630 | ||
| Identifying structures around the knee | 630 | ||
| Visualizing the contents of the popliteal fossa | 632 | ||
| Finding the tarsal tunnel—the gateway to the foot | 633 | ||
| Identifying tendons around the ankle and in the foot | 634 | ||
| Finding the dorsalis pedis artery | 635 | ||
| Approximating the position of the plantar arterial arch | 635 | ||
| Major superficial veins | 636 | ||
| Pulse points | 637 | ||
| Clinical cases | 638 | ||
| 7 Upper Limb | 649 | ||
| Conceptual overview | 650 | ||
| GENERAL DESCRIPTION | 650 | ||
| FUNCTIONS | 651 | ||
| Positioning the hand | 651 | ||
| The hand as a mechanical tool | 651 | ||
| The hand as a sensory tool | 654 | ||
| COMPONENT PARTS | 654 | ||
| Bones and joints | 654 | ||
| Muscles | 655 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER REGIONS | 657 | ||
| Neck | 657 | ||
| Back and thoracic wall | 658 | ||
| KEY POINTS | 659 | ||
| Innervation by cervical and upper thoracic nerves | 659 | ||
| Nerves related to bone | 663 | ||
| Superficial veins | 663 | ||
| Orientation of the thumb | 664 | ||
| Regional anatomy | 665 | ||
| SHOULDER | 665 | ||
| Bones | 665 | ||
| Clavicle | 665 | ||
| Scapula | 665 | ||
| Proximal humerus | 667 | ||
| Greater and lesser tubercles | 667 | ||
| Surgical neck | 668 | ||
| Joints | 668 | ||
| Sternoclavicular joint | 668 | ||
| Acromioclavicular joint | 669 | ||
| Glenohumeral joint | 670 | ||
| Muscles | 675 | ||
| Trapezius | 676 | ||
| Deltoid | 676 | ||
| Levator scapulae | 676 | ||
| Rhomboid minor and major | 677 | ||
| POSTERIOR SCAPULAR REGION | 678 | ||
| Muscles | 678 | ||
| Supraspinatus and infraspinatus | 678 | ||
| Teres minor and teres major | 679 | ||
| Long head of triceps brachii | 680 | ||
| Gateways to the posterior scapular region | 680 | ||
| Suprascapular foramen | 680 | ||
| Quadrangular space (from posterior) | 681 | ||
| Triangular space | 682 | ||
| Triangular interval | 682 | ||
| Nerves | 682 | ||
| Suprascapular nerve | 682 | ||
| Axillary nerve | 682 | ||
| Arteries and veins | 682 | ||
| Suprascapular artery | 682 | ||
| Posterior circumflex humeral artery | 683 | ||
| Circumflex scapular artery | 683 | ||
| Veins | 684 | ||
| AXILLA | 684 | ||
| Axillary inlet | 685 | ||
| Anterior wall | 686 | ||
| Pectoralis major | 686 | ||
| Subclavius | 687 | ||
| Pectoralis minor | 688 | ||
| Clavipectoral fascia | 688 | ||
| Medial wall | 688 | ||
| Serratus anterior | 688 | ||
| Intercostobrachial nerve | 689 | ||
| Lateral wall | 690 | ||
| Posterior wall | 691 | ||
| Subscapularis | 691 | ||
| Teres major and latissimus dorsi | 692 | ||
| Long head of the triceps brachii | 692 | ||
| Gateways in the posterior wall | 692 | ||
| Quadrangular space | 692 | ||
| Triangular space | 692 | ||
| Triangular interval | 693 | ||
| Floor | 693 | ||
| Contents of the axilla | 693 | ||
| Biceps brachii | 694 | ||
| Coracobrachialis | 694 | ||
| Axillary artery | 695 | ||
| Superior thoracic artery | 696 | ||
| Thoraco-acromial artery | 696 | ||
| Lateral thoracic artery | 697 | ||
| Subscapular artery | 697 | ||
| Anterior circumflex humeral artery | 697 | ||
| Posterior circumflex humeral artery | 697 | ||
| Axillary vein | 697 | ||
| Brachial plexus | 700 | ||
| Roots | 701 | ||
| Trunks | 701 | ||
| Divisions | 701 | ||
| Cords | 701 | ||
| Branches (Table 7.7) | 701 | ||
| Branches of the roots | 701 | ||
| Branches of the trunks | 705 | ||
| Branches of the lateral cord | 706 | ||
| Branches of the medial cord | 706 | ||
| Median nerve. | 706 | ||
| Branches of the posterior cord | 708 | ||
| Lymphatics | 709 | ||
| Axillary process of the mammary gland | 709 | ||
| ARM | 710 | ||
| Bones | 712 | ||
| Shaft and distal end of the humerus | 712 | ||
| The condyle | 712 | ||
| The two epicondyles | 713 | ||
| The three fossae | 713 | ||
| Proximal end of the radius | 713 | ||
| Proximal end of the ulna | 713 | ||
| Muscles | 715 | ||
| Coracobrachialis | 715 | ||
| Biceps brachii | 715 | ||
| Brachialis | 716 | ||
| Posterior compartment | 716 | ||
| Arteries and veins | 717 | ||
| Brachial artery | 717 | ||
| Profunda brachii artery | 718 | ||
| Veins | 720 | ||
| Nerves | 720 | ||
| Musculocutaneous nerve | 720 | ||
| Median nerve | 720 | ||
| Ulnar nerve | 720 | ||
| Radial nerve | 722 | ||
| ELBOW JOINT | 724 | ||
| CUBITAL FOSSA | 729 | ||
| FOREARM | 731 | ||
| Bones | 732 | ||
| Shaft and distal end of radius | 732 | ||
| Shaft and distal end of ulna | 733 | ||
| Joints | 734 | ||
| Distal radio-ulnar joint | 734 | ||
| Interosseous membrane | 734 | ||
| Pronation and supination | 735 | ||
| Muscles involved in pronation and supination | 735 | ||
| Biceps brachii. | 735 | ||
| Supinator. | 736 | ||
| Pronator teres and pronator quadratus. | 736 | ||
| Anconeus. | 736 | ||
| ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE FOREARM | 736 | ||
| Muscles | 736 | ||
| Superficial layer | 737 | ||
| Flexor carpi ulnaris | 737 | ||
| Palmaris longus | 739 | ||
| Flexor carpi radialis | 739 | ||
| Pronator teres | 739 | ||
| Intermediate layer | 739 | ||
| Flexor digitorum superficialis | 739 | ||
| Deep layer | 741 | ||
| Flexor digitorum profundus | 741 | ||
| Flexor pollicis longus | 742 | ||
| Pronator quadratus | 742 | ||
| Arteries and veins | 742 | ||
| Radial artery | 742 | ||
| Ulnar artery | 743 | ||
| Veins | 743 | ||
| Nerves | 743 | ||
| Median nerve | 743 | ||
| Ulnar nerve | 744 | ||
| Radial nerve | 744 | ||
| POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE FOREARM | 745 | ||
| Muscles | 745 | ||
| Superficial layer | 745 | ||
| Brachioradialis | 745 | ||
| Extensor carpi radialis longus | 747 | ||
| Extensor carpi radialis brevis | 747 | ||
| Extensor digitorum | 747 | ||
| Extensor digiti minimi | 747 | ||
| Extensor carpi ulnaris | 747 | ||
| Anconeus | 747 | ||
| Deep layer | 747 | ||
| Supinator | 747 | ||
| Abductor pollicis longus | 749 | ||
| Extensor pollicis brevis | 749 | ||
| Extensor pollicis longus | 749 | ||
| Extensor indicis | 750 | ||
| Arteries and veins | 750 | ||
| Posterior interosseous artery | 751 | ||
| Anterior interosseous artery | 751 | ||
| Radial artery | 751 | ||
| Veins | 751 | ||
| Nerves | 751 | ||
| Radial nerve | 751 | ||
| HAND | 751 | ||
| Bones | 752 | ||
| Carpal bones | 752 | ||
| Proximal row | 752 | ||
| Distal row | 752 | ||
| Articular surfaces | 752 | ||
| Carpal arch | 752 | ||
| Metacarpals | 752 | ||
| Phalanges | 754 | ||
| Joints | 754 | ||
| Wrist joint | 754 | ||
| Carpal joints | 755 | ||
| Carpometacarpal joints | 755 | ||
| Metacarpophalangeal joints | 755 | ||
| Deep transverse metacarpal ligaments | 755 | ||
| Interphalangeal joints of hand | 755 | ||
| Carpal tunnel and structures at the wrist | 756 | ||
| Palmar aponeurosis | 758 | ||
| Palmaris brevis | 759 | ||
| Anatomical snuffbox | 759 | ||
| Fibrous digital sheaths | 759 | ||
| Extensor hoods | 760 | ||
| Muscles | 762 | ||
| Dorsal interossei | 762 | ||
| Palmar interossei | 763 | ||
| Adductor pollicis | 764 | ||
| Thenar muscles | 765 | ||
| Opponens pollicis | 765 | ||
| Abductor pollicis brevis | 766 | ||
| Flexor pollicis brevis | 766 | ||
| Hypothenar muscles | 766 | ||
| Opponens digiti minimi | 766 | ||
| Abductor digiti minimi | 766 | ||
| Flexor digiti minimi brevis | 766 | ||
| Lumbrical muscles | 766 | ||
| Arteries and veins | 767 | ||
| Ulnar artery and superficial palmar arch | 767 | ||
| Radial artery and deep palmar arch | 769 | ||
| Veins | 770 | ||
| Nerves | 770 | ||
| Ulnar nerve | 771 | ||
| Median nerve | 772 | ||
| Superficial branch of the radial nerve | 772 | ||
| Surface anatomy | 775 | ||
| Upper limb surface anatomy | 775 | ||
| Bony landmarks and muscles of the posterior scapular region | 775 | ||
| Visualizing the axilla and locating contents and related structures | 777 | ||
| Locating the brachial artery in the arm | 779 | ||
| The triceps brachii tendon and position of the radial nerve | 779 | ||
| Cubital fossa (anterior view) | 779 | ||
| Identifying tendons and locating major vessels and nerves in the distal forearm | 781 | ||
| Normal appearance of the hand | 782 | ||
| Position of the flexor retinaculum and the recurrent branch of the median nerve | 783 | ||
| Motor function of the median and ulnar nerves in the hand | 783 | ||
| Visualizing the positions of the superficial and deep palmar arches | 784 | ||
| Pulse points | 784 | ||
| Clinical cases | 786 | ||
| 8 Head and Neck | 795 | ||
| Conceptual overview | 796 | ||
| GENERAL DESCRIPTION | 796 | ||
| Head | 796 | ||
| Major compartments | 796 | ||
| Other anatomically defined regions | 797 | ||
| Neck | 798 | ||
| Compartments | 798 | ||
| Larynx and pharynx | 799 | ||
| FUNCTIONS | 799 | ||
| Protection | 799 | ||
| Contains upper parts of respiratory and digestive tracts | 799 | ||
| Communication | 800 | ||
| Positioning the head | 800 | ||
| Connects the upper and lower respiratory and digestive tracts | 800 | ||
| COMPONENT PARTS | 800 | ||
| Skull | 800 | ||
| Cervical vertebrae | 802 | ||
| Hyoid bone | 803 | ||
| Soft palate | 804 | ||
| Muscles | 804 | ||
| In the head | 804 | ||
| In the neck | 804 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER REGIONS | 805 | ||
| Thorax | 805 | ||
| Upper limbs | 805 | ||
| KEY FEATURES | 806 | ||
| Vertebral levels CIII/IV and CV/VI | 806 | ||
| Airway in the neck | 806 | ||
| Cranial nerves | 807 | ||
| Cervical nerves | 808 | ||
| Functional separation of the digestive and respiratory passages | 808 | ||
| Triangles of the neck | 811 | ||
| Regional anatomy | 812 | ||
| SKULL | 812 | ||
| Anterior view | 812 | ||
| Frontal bone | 812 | ||
| Zygomatic and nasal bones | 813 | ||
| Maxillae | 814 | ||
| Mandible | 814 | ||
| Lateral view | 814 | ||
| Lateral portion of the calvaria | 814 | ||
| Temporal bone | 816 | ||
| Visible part of the facial skeleton | 816 | ||
| Mandible | 816 | ||
| Posterior view | 816 | ||
| Occipital bone | 816 | ||
| Temporal bones | 817 | ||
| Superior view | 818 | ||
| Inferior view | 819 | ||
| Anterior part | 819 | ||
| Middle part | 819 | ||
| Anterior half | 819 | ||
| Vomer | 819 | ||
| Sphenoid | 819 | ||
| Body | 819 | ||
| Pterygoid processes | 819 | ||
| Greater wing | 820 | ||
| Posterior half | 820 | ||
| Occipital bone | 820 | ||
| Index | 1081 | ||
| A | 1081 | ||
| B | 1082 | ||
| C | 1083 | ||
| D | 1085 | ||
| E | 1086 | ||
| F | 1086 | ||
| G | 1087 | ||
| H | 1088 | ||
| I | 1089 | ||
| J | 1090 | ||
| K | 1090 | ||
| L | 1090 | ||
| M | 1092 | ||
| N | 1093 | ||
| O | 1094 | ||
| P | 1094 | ||
| Q | 1097 | ||
| R | 1097 | ||
| S | 1098 | ||
| T | 1100 | ||
| U | 1101 | ||
| V | 1102 | ||
| W | 1103 | ||
| X | 1103 | ||
| Y | 1103 | ||
| Z | 1103 |